perf(ext/node): Optimise Buffer string operations (#20158)

Extracted from https://github.com/denoland/deno/pull/17815

Optimise Buffer's string operations, most significantly when dealing
with ASCII and UTF-16. Base64 and HEX encodings are affected to much
lesser degrees.

## Performance

### String length 15
With very small strings we're at break-even or sometimes even lose a tad
bit of performance from creating a `DataView` that ends up not paying
for itself.

**This PR:**
```
benchmark                                                     time (avg)        iter/s             (min … max)       p75       p99      p995
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------
Buffer.from ascii string                                       1.15 µs/iter     871,388.6   (728.78 ns … 1.56 µs)   1.23 µs   1.56 µs   1.56 µs
Buffer.from base64 string                                      1.63 µs/iter     612,790.9     (1.31 µs … 1.96 µs)   1.77 µs   1.96 µs   1.96 µs
Buffer.from utf16 string                                       1.41 µs/iter     707,396.3   (915.24 ns … 1.93 µs)   1.61 µs   1.93 µs   1.93 µs
Buffer.from hex string                                         1.87 µs/iter     535,357.9     (1.56 µs … 2.19 µs)      2 µs   2.19 µs   2.19 µs
Buffer.toString ascii string                                 154.58 ns/iter   6,469,162.8    (149.69 ns … 198 ns) 154.51 ns 182.89 ns 191.91 ns
Buffer.toString base64 string                                161.65 ns/iter   6,186,189.6 (150.91 ns … 181.15 ns) 165.18 ns 171.87 ns 174.94 ns
Buffer.toString utf16 string                                 292.74 ns/iter   3,415,959.8 (285.43 ns … 312.47 ns) 295.25 ns 310.47 ns 312.47 ns
Buffer.toString hex string                                    89.61 ns/iter  11,159,315.6  (81.09 ns … 123.77 ns)  91.09 ns 113.62 ns 119.28 ns
```

**Main:**
```
benchmark                                                     time (avg)        iter/s             (min … max)       p75       p99      p995
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------
Buffer.from ascii string                                       1.26 µs/iter     794,875.8     (1.07 µs … 1.46 µs)   1.31 µs   1.46 µs   1.46 µs
Buffer.from base64 string                                      1.65 µs/iter     607,853.3     (1.38 µs … 2.01 µs)   1.69 µs   2.01 µs   2.01 µs
Buffer.from utf16 string                                       1.34 µs/iter     744,894.6     (1.09 µs … 1.55 µs)   1.45 µs   1.55 µs   1.55 µs
Buffer.from hex string                                         2.01 µs/iter     496,345.8      (1.54 µs … 2.6 µs)   2.26 µs    2.6 µs    2.6 µs
Buffer.toString ascii string                                 150.16 ns/iter   6,659,630.5 (144.99 ns … 166.68 ns)  152.4 ns 157.26 ns 159.14 ns
Buffer.toString base64 string                                164.73 ns/iter   6,070,692.0 (158.77 ns … 185.63 ns) 168.48 ns 175.74 ns 176.68 ns
Buffer.toString utf16 string                                 150.61 ns/iter   6,639,864.0  (148.2 ns … 168.29 ns) 150.93 ns 157.21 ns 168.15 ns
Buffer.toString hex string                                    94.21 ns/iter  10,614,972.9   (86.21 ns … 98.75 ns)  95.43 ns  97.99 ns  98.21 ns
```

### String length 1500
With moderate lengths we already see great upsides for `Buffer.from()`
with ASCII and UTF-16.

**This PR:**
```
benchmark                                                     time (avg)        iter/s             (min … max)       p75       p99      p995
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------
Buffer.from ascii string                                       5.79 µs/iter     172,562.6     (4.72 µs … 4.71 ms)   5.04 µs   10.3 µs  11.67 µs
Buffer.from base64 string                                      5.08 µs/iter     196,678.9     (4.97 µs … 5.76 µs)   5.08 µs   5.76 µs   5.76 µs
Buffer.from utf16 string                                       9.68 µs/iter     103,316.5     (7.14 µs … 3.44 ms)  10.32 µs  13.42 µs  15.21 µs
Buffer.from hex string                                         53.7 µs/iter      18,620.2     (49.37 µs … 2.2 ms)  54.74 µs   72.2 µs  81.07 µs
Buffer.toString ascii string                                   6.63 µs/iter     150,761.3     (5.59 µs … 1.11 ms)   6.08 µs  15.68 µs  24.77 µs
Buffer.toString base64 string                                460.57 ns/iter   2,171,224.4 (448.33 ns … 511.73 ns) 465.05 ns 495.54 ns 511.73 ns
Buffer.toString utf16 string                                   6.52 µs/iter     153,287.0     (6.47 µs … 6.66 µs)   6.53 µs   6.66 µs   6.66 µs
Buffer.toString hex string                                     3.68 µs/iter     271,965.4     (3.64 µs … 3.82 µs)   3.68 µs   3.82 µs   3.82 µs
```

**Main:**
```
benchmark                                                     time (avg)        iter/s             (min … max)       p75       p99      p995
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------
Buffer.from ascii string                                      11.46 µs/iter      87,298.1    (8.53 µs … 834.1 µs)   9.61 µs  83.31 µs   87.3 µs
Buffer.from base64 string                                       5.4 µs/iter     185,027.8     (5.07 µs … 7.49 µs)   5.44 µs   7.49 µs   7.49 µs
Buffer.from utf16 string                                       20.3 µs/iter      49,270.8  (13.55 µs … 649.11 µs)   18.8 µs 113.93 µs 125.17 µs
Buffer.from hex string                                        52.03 µs/iter      19,218.9    (48.74 µs … 2.59 ms)  52.84 µs  67.05 µs  73.56 µs
Buffer.toString ascii string                                   6.46 µs/iter     154,822.5     (6.32 µs … 6.69 µs)   6.52 µs   6.69 µs   6.69 µs
Buffer.toString base64 string                                440.19 ns/iter   2,271,764.6    (427 ns … 490.77 ns) 444.74 ns 484.64 ns 490.77 ns
Buffer.toString utf16 string                                   6.89 µs/iter     145,106.7     (6.81 µs … 7.24 µs)   6.91 µs   7.24 µs   7.24 µs
Buffer.toString hex string                                     3.66 µs/iter     273,456.5      (3.6 µs … 4.02 µs)   3.64 µs   4.02 µs   4.02 µs
```

### String length 2^20
With massive lengths we the difference in ASCII and UTF-16 parsing
performance is enormous.

**This PR:**
```
benchmark                                                           time (avg)        iter/s             (min … max)       p75       p99      p995
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------
Buffer.from ascii string                                              4.1 ms/iter         243.7     (2.64 ms … 6.74 ms)   4.43 ms   6.26 ms   6.74 ms
Buffer.from base64 string                                            3.74 ms/iter         267.6     (2.91 ms … 4.92 ms)   3.96 ms   4.31 ms   4.92 ms
Buffer.from utf16 string                                             7.72 ms/iter         129.5    (5.91 ms … 11.03 ms)   7.97 ms  11.03 ms  11.03 ms
Buffer.from hex string                                              35.72 ms/iter          28.0   (34.71 ms … 38.42 ms)  35.93 ms  38.42 ms  38.42 ms
Buffer.toString ascii string                                        78.92 ms/iter          12.7   (42.72 ms … 94.13 ms)  91.64 ms  94.13 ms  94.13 ms
Buffer.toString base64 string                                      833.62 µs/iter       1,199.6   (638.05 µs … 5.97 ms) 826.86 µs   2.45 ms   2.48 ms
Buffer.toString utf16 string                                        79.35 ms/iter          12.6    (69.72 ms … 88.9 ms)  86.66 ms   88.9 ms   88.9 ms
Buffer.toString hex string                                          31.04 ms/iter          32.2      (4.3 ms … 46.9 ms)  37.21 ms   46.9 ms   46.9 ms
```

**Main:**
```
benchmark                                                           time (avg)        iter/s             (min … max)       p75       p99      p995
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------
Buffer.from ascii string                                            18.66 ms/iter          53.6   (15.61 ms … 23.26 ms)  20.62 ms  23.26 ms  23.26 ms
Buffer.from base64 string                                             4.7 ms/iter         212.9     (2.94 ms … 9.07 ms)   4.65 ms   9.06 ms   9.07 ms
Buffer.from utf16 string                                            33.49 ms/iter          29.9   (31.24 ms … 35.67 ms)  34.08 ms  35.67 ms  35.67 ms
Buffer.from hex string                                              39.38 ms/iter          25.4   (38.66 ms … 42.36 ms)  39.58 ms  42.36 ms  42.36 ms
Buffer.toString ascii string                                        77.68 ms/iter          12.9   (67.46 ms … 95.68 ms)  84.71 ms  95.68 ms  95.68 ms
Buffer.toString base64 string                                      825.53 µs/iter       1,211.3   (655.38 µs … 6.69 ms) 816.62 µs   3.07 ms   3.13 ms
Buffer.toString utf16 string                                        76.54 ms/iter          13.1    (66.9 ms … 85.26 ms)  83.63 ms  85.26 ms  85.26 ms
Buffer.toString hex string                                          38.56 ms/iter          25.9   (33.83 ms … 46.56 ms)  45.33 ms  46.56 ms  46.56 ms
```

1 files changed, 24 insertions, 11 deletions

diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/buffer.mjs b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/buffer.mjs
index 29ea2e84d..1a2dc31df 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/internal/buffer.mjs
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/buffer.mjs
@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@ Buffer.prototype.base64urlWrite = function base64urlWrite(
 
 Buffer.prototype.hexWrite = function hexWrite(string, offset, length) {
   return blitBuffer(
-    hexToBytes(string, this.length - offset),
+    hexToBytes(string),
     this,
     offset,
     length,
@@ -751,6 +751,9 @@ Buffer.prototype.utf8Write = function utf8Write(string, offset, length) {
 };
 
 Buffer.prototype.write = function write(string, offset, length, encoding) {
+  if (typeof string !== "string") {
+    throw new codes.ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE("argument", "string");
+  }
   // Buffer#write(string);
   if (offset === undefined) {
     return this.utf8Write(string, 0, this.length);
@@ -1756,16 +1759,26 @@ function utf8ToBytes(string, units) {
   return bytes;
 }
 
-function blitBuffer(src, dst, offset, byteLength) {
-  let i;
-  const length = byteLength === undefined ? src.length : byteLength;
-  for (i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
-    if (i + offset >= dst.length || i >= src.length) {
-      break;
-    }
-    dst[i + offset] = src[i];
-  }
-  return i;
+function blitBuffer(src, dst, offset, byteLength = Infinity) {
+  // Establish the number of bytes to be written
+  const bytesToWrite = Math.min(
+    // If byte length is defined in the call, then it sets an upper bound,
+    // otherwise it is Infinity and is never chosen.
+    byteLength,
+    // The length of the source sets an upper bound being the source of data.
+    src.length,
+    // The length of the destination minus any offset into it sets an upper bound.
+    dst.length - offset,
+  );
+  if (bytesToWrite < src.length) {
+    // Resize the source buffer to the number of bytes we're about to write.
+    // This both makes sure that we're actually only writing what we're told to
+    // write but also prevents `Uint8Array#set` from throwing an error if the
+    // source is longer than the target.
+    src = src.subarray(0, length);
+  }
+  dst.set(src, offset);
+  return bytesToWrite;
 }
 
 function isInstance(obj, type) {