fix: improved support for cjs and cts modules (#26558)

* cts support
* better cjs/cts type checking
* deno compile cjs/cts support
* More efficient detect cjs (going towards stabilization)
* Determination of whether .js, .ts, .jsx, or .tsx is cjs or esm is only
done after loading
* Support `import x = require(...);`

Co-authored-by: Bartek Iwańczuk <biwanczuk@gmail.com>

143 files changed, 2410 insertions, 1519 deletions

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index e0780b226..8c7b35ca9 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1279,9 +1279,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_ast"
-version = "0.42.2"
+version = "0.43.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b2b9d03b1bbeeecdac54367f075d572131736d06c5be3bc49037855bc5ab1bbb"
+checksum = "48d00b724e06d2081a141ec1155756a0b465d413d8e2a7515221f61d482eb2ee"
 dependencies = [
  "base64 0.21.7",
  "deno_media_type",
@@ -1356,9 +1356,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_cache_dir"
-version = "0.13.1"
+version = "0.13.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "693ca429aebf945de5fef30df232044f9f80be4cc5a5e7c8d767226c43880f5a"
+checksum = "08c1f52170cd7715f8006da54cde1444863a0d6fbd9c11d037a737db2dec8e22"
 dependencies = [
  "base32",
  "deno_media_type",
@@ -1506,9 +1506,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_doc"
-version = "0.154.0"
+version = "0.156.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "17e204e45b0d79750880114e37b34abe19ad0710d8435a8da8f23a528fe98de4"
+checksum = "2585b98d6ad76dae30bf2d7b6d71b8363cae041158b8780d14a2f4fe17590a61"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -1606,9 +1606,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_graph"
-version = "0.83.4"
+version = "0.84.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5bd20bc0780071989c622cbfd5d4fb2e4fd05a247ccd7f791f13c8d2c3792228"
+checksum = "cd4f4a14aa069087be41c2998077b0453f0191747898f96e6343f700abfc2c18"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "async-trait",
@@ -1726,9 +1726,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_lint"
-version = "0.67.0"
+version = "0.68.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "871b60e32bfb6c110cbb9b0688dbf048f81e5d347fe4ce5a42239263de9dd938"
+checksum = "bb994e6d1b18223df0a756c7948143b35682941d615edffef60d5b38822f38ac"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "deno_ast",
@@ -1756,9 +1756,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deno_media_type"
-version = "0.1.4"
+version = "0.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a8978229b82552bf8457a0125aa20863f023619cfc21ebb007b1e571d68fd85b"
+checksum = "7fcf552fbdedbe81c89705349d7d2485c7051382b000dfddbdbf7fc25931cf83"
 dependencies = [
  "data-url",
  "serde",
@@ -2608,9 +2608,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "dprint-plugin-typescript"
-version = "0.93.0"
+version = "0.93.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e9308d98b923b7c0335c2ee1560199e3f2321b1be82803107b4ba4ed5dac46cc"
+checksum = "5abfd78fe3cde4f5a6699d65f760c8d44da130cf446b6f80a7a9bc6580e156ab"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "deno_ast",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 285c07780..f57563e0b 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -45,12 +45,12 @@ license = "MIT"
 repository = "https://github.com/denoland/deno"
 
 [workspace.dependencies]
-deno_ast = { version = "=0.42.2", features = ["transpiling"] }
+deno_ast = { version = "=0.43.3", features = ["transpiling"] }
 deno_core = { version = "0.316.0" }
 
 deno_bench_util = { version = "0.169.0", path = "./bench_util" }
 deno_lockfile = "=0.23.1"
-deno_media_type = { version = "0.1.4", features = ["module_specifier"] }
+deno_media_type = { version = "0.2.0", features = ["module_specifier"] }
 deno_npm = "=0.25.4"
 deno_path_util = "=0.2.1"
 deno_permissions = { version = "0.35.0", path = "./runtime/permissions" }
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ console_static_text = "=0.8.1"
 dashmap = "5.5.3"
 data-encoding = "2.3.3"
 data-url = "=0.3.0"
-deno_cache_dir = "=0.13.1"
+deno_cache_dir = "=0.13.2"
 deno_package_json = { version = "0.1.2", default-features = false }
 dlopen2 = "0.6.1"
 ecb = "=0.1.2"
diff --git a/cli/Cargo.toml b/cli/Cargo.toml
index 782adfd90..a3e2b71f0 100644
--- a/cli/Cargo.toml
+++ b/cli/Cargo.toml
@@ -72,9 +72,9 @@ deno_ast = { workspace = true, features = ["bundler", "cjs", "codegen", "proposa
 deno_cache_dir = { workspace = true }
 deno_config = { version = "=0.37.2", features = ["workspace", "sync"] }
 deno_core = { workspace = true, features = ["include_js_files_for_snapshotting"] }
-deno_doc = { version = "0.154.0", default-features = false, features = ["rust", "html", "syntect"] }
-deno_graph = { version = "=0.83.4" }
-deno_lint = { version = "=0.67.0", features = ["docs"] }
+deno_doc = { version = "0.156.0", default-features = false, features = ["rust", "html", "syntect"] }
+deno_graph = { version = "=0.84.1" }
+deno_lint = { version = "=0.68.0", features = ["docs"] }
 deno_lockfile.workspace = true
 deno_npm.workspace = true
 deno_package_json.workspace = true
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ dotenvy = "0.15.7"
 dprint-plugin-json = "=0.19.4"
 dprint-plugin-jupyter = "=0.1.5"
 dprint-plugin-markdown = "=0.17.8"
-dprint-plugin-typescript = "=0.93.0"
+dprint-plugin-typescript = "=0.93.1"
 env_logger = "=0.10.0"
 fancy-regex = "=0.10.0"
 faster-hex.workspace = true
diff --git a/cli/args/mod.rs b/cli/args/mod.rs
index d72526462..e19025f8b 100644
--- a/cli/args/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/args/mod.rs
@@ -201,6 +201,8 @@ pub fn ts_config_to_transpile_and_emit_options(
       precompile_jsx_dynamic_props: None,
       transform_jsx,
       var_decl_imports: false,
+      // todo(dsherret): support verbatim_module_syntax here properly
+      verbatim_module_syntax: false,
     },
     deno_ast::EmitOptions {
       inline_sources: options.inline_sources,
@@ -1602,6 +1604,15 @@ impl CliOptions {
   }
 
   pub fn use_byonm(&self) -> bool {
+    if matches!(
+      self.sub_command(),
+      DenoSubcommand::Install(_)
+        | DenoSubcommand::Add(_)
+        | DenoSubcommand::Remove(_)
+    ) {
+      // For `deno install/add/remove` we want to force the managed resolver so it can set up `node_modules/` directory.
+      return false;
+    }
     if self.node_modules_dir().ok().flatten().is_none()
       && self.maybe_node_modules_folder.is_some()
       && self
diff --git a/cli/cache/cache_db.rs b/cli/cache/cache_db.rs
index b24078f29..329ed2d97 100644
--- a/cli/cache/cache_db.rs
+++ b/cli/cache/cache_db.rs
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ impl rusqlite::types::FromSql for CacheDBHash {
 }
 
 /// What should the cache should do on failure?
-#[derive(Default)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
 pub enum CacheFailure {
   /// Return errors if failure mode otherwise unspecified.
   #[default]
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ pub enum CacheFailure {
 }
 
 /// Configuration SQL and other parameters for a [`CacheDB`].
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct CacheDBConfiguration {
   /// SQL to run for a new database.
   pub table_initializer: &'static str,
@@ -98,6 +99,7 @@ impl CacheDBConfiguration {
   }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
 enum ConnectionState {
   Connected(Connection),
   Blackhole,
@@ -106,7 +108,7 @@ enum ConnectionState {
 
 /// A cache database that eagerly initializes itself off-thread, preventing initialization operations
 /// from blocking the main thread.
-#[derive(Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct CacheDB {
   // TODO(mmastrac): We can probably simplify our thread-safe implementation here
   conn: Arc<Mutex<OnceCell<ConnectionState>>>,
diff --git a/cli/cache/emit.rs b/cli/cache/emit.rs
index 74e1c1101..3c9eecfcb 100644
--- a/cli/cache/emit.rs
+++ b/cli/cache/emit.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use deno_core::unsync::sync::AtomicFlag;
 use super::DiskCache;
 
 /// The cache that stores previously emitted files.
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct EmitCache {
   disk_cache: DiskCache,
   emit_failed_flag: AtomicFlag,
@@ -91,6 +92,7 @@ impl EmitCache {
 
 const LAST_LINE_PREFIX: &str = "\n// denoCacheMetadata=";
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
 struct EmitFileSerializer {
   cli_version: &'static str,
 }
diff --git a/cli/cache/mod.rs b/cli/cache/mod.rs
index bf8f1b1f0..50fc135dd 100644
--- a/cli/cache/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/cache/mod.rs
@@ -8,14 +8,9 @@ use crate::file_fetcher::FetchOptions;
 use crate::file_fetcher::FetchPermissionsOptionRef;
 use crate::file_fetcher::FileFetcher;
 use crate::file_fetcher::FileOrRedirect;
-use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
-use crate::resolver::CliNodeResolver;
 use crate::util::fs::atomic_write_file_with_retries;
 use crate::util::fs::atomic_write_file_with_retries_and_fs;
 use crate::util::fs::AtomicWriteFileFsAdapter;
-use crate::util::path::specifier_has_extension;
-use crate::util::text_encoding::arc_str_to_bytes;
-use crate::util::text_encoding::from_utf8_lossy_owned;
 
 use deno_ast::MediaType;
 use deno_core::futures;
@@ -25,7 +20,9 @@ use deno_graph::source::CacheInfo;
 use deno_graph::source::LoadFuture;
 use deno_graph::source::LoadResponse;
 use deno_graph::source::Loader;
+use deno_runtime::deno_fs;
 use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
+use node_resolver::InNpmPackageChecker;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
@@ -60,7 +57,6 @@ pub use fast_check::FastCheckCache;
 pub use incremental::IncrementalCache;
 pub use module_info::ModuleInfoCache;
 pub use node::NodeAnalysisCache;
-pub use parsed_source::EsmOrCjsChecker;
 pub use parsed_source::LazyGraphSourceParser;
 pub use parsed_source::ParsedSourceCache;
 
@@ -181,46 +177,40 @@ pub struct FetchCacherOptions {
   pub permissions: PermissionsContainer,
   /// If we're publishing for `deno publish`.
   pub is_deno_publish: bool,
-  pub unstable_detect_cjs: bool,
 }
 
 /// A "wrapper" for the FileFetcher and DiskCache for the Deno CLI that provides
 /// a concise interface to the DENO_DIR when building module graphs.
 pub struct FetchCacher {
   pub file_header_overrides: HashMap<ModuleSpecifier, HashMap<String, String>>,
-  esm_or_cjs_checker: Arc<EsmOrCjsChecker>,
   file_fetcher: Arc<FileFetcher>,
+  fs: Arc<dyn deno_fs::FileSystem>,
   global_http_cache: Arc<GlobalHttpCache>,
-  node_resolver: Arc<CliNodeResolver>,
-  npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
+  in_npm_pkg_checker: Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>,
   module_info_cache: Arc<ModuleInfoCache>,
   permissions: PermissionsContainer,
   is_deno_publish: bool,
-  unstable_detect_cjs: bool,
   cache_info_enabled: bool,
 }
 
 impl FetchCacher {
   pub fn new(
-    esm_or_cjs_checker: Arc<EsmOrCjsChecker>,
     file_fetcher: Arc<FileFetcher>,
+    fs: Arc<dyn deno_fs::FileSystem>,
     global_http_cache: Arc<GlobalHttpCache>,
-    node_resolver: Arc<CliNodeResolver>,
-    npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
+    in_npm_pkg_checker: Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>,
     module_info_cache: Arc<ModuleInfoCache>,
     options: FetchCacherOptions,
   ) -> Self {
     Self {
       file_fetcher,
-      esm_or_cjs_checker,
+      fs,
       global_http_cache,
-      node_resolver,
-      npm_resolver,
+      in_npm_pkg_checker,
       module_info_cache,
       file_header_overrides: options.file_header_overrides,
       permissions: options.permissions,
       is_deno_publish: options.is_deno_publish,
-      unstable_detect_cjs: options.unstable_detect_cjs,
       cache_info_enabled: false,
     }
   }
@@ -271,70 +261,23 @@ impl Loader for FetchCacher {
   ) -> LoadFuture {
     use deno_graph::source::CacheSetting as LoaderCacheSetting;
 
-    if specifier.scheme() == "file" {
-      if specifier.path().contains("/node_modules/") {
-        // The specifier might be in a completely different symlinked tree than
-        // what the node_modules url is in (ex. `/my-project-1/node_modules`
-        // symlinked to `/my-project-2/node_modules`), so first we checked if the path
-        // is in a node_modules dir to avoid needlessly canonicalizing, then now compare
-        // against the canonicalized specifier.
-        let specifier =
-          crate::node::resolve_specifier_into_node_modules(specifier);
-        if self.npm_resolver.in_npm_package(&specifier) {
-          return Box::pin(futures::future::ready(Ok(Some(
-            LoadResponse::External { specifier },
-          ))));
-        }
-      }
-
-      // make local CJS modules external to the graph
-      if specifier_has_extension(specifier, "cjs") {
+    if specifier.scheme() == "file"
+      && specifier.path().contains("/node_modules/")
+    {
+      // The specifier might be in a completely different symlinked tree than
+      // what the node_modules url is in (ex. `/my-project-1/node_modules`
+      // symlinked to `/my-project-2/node_modules`), so first we checked if the path
+      // is in a node_modules dir to avoid needlessly canonicalizing, then now compare
+      // against the canonicalized specifier.
+      let specifier = crate::node::resolve_specifier_into_node_modules(
+        specifier,
+        self.fs.as_ref(),
+      );
+      if self.in_npm_pkg_checker.in_npm_package(&specifier) {
         return Box::pin(futures::future::ready(Ok(Some(
-          LoadResponse::External {
-            specifier: specifier.clone(),
-          },
+          LoadResponse::External { specifier },
         ))));
       }
-
-      if self.unstable_detect_cjs && specifier_has_extension(specifier, "js") {
-        if let Ok(Some(pkg_json)) =
-          self.node_resolver.get_closest_package_json(specifier)
-        {
-          if pkg_json.typ == "commonjs" {
-            if let Ok(path) = specifier.to_file_path() {
-              if let Ok(bytes) = std::fs::read(&path) {
-                let text: Arc<str> = from_utf8_lossy_owned(bytes).into();
-                let is_es_module = match self.esm_or_cjs_checker.is_esm(
-                  specifier,
-                  text.clone(),
-                  MediaType::JavaScript,
-                ) {
-                  Ok(value) => value,
-                  Err(err) => {
-                    return Box::pin(futures::future::ready(Err(err.into())));
-                  }
-                };
-                if !is_es_module {
-                  self.node_resolver.mark_cjs_resolution(specifier.clone());
-                  return Box::pin(futures::future::ready(Ok(Some(
-                    LoadResponse::External {
-                      specifier: specifier.clone(),
-                    },
-                  ))));
-                } else {
-                  return Box::pin(futures::future::ready(Ok(Some(
-                    LoadResponse::Module {
-                      specifier: specifier.clone(),
-                      content: arc_str_to_bytes(text),
-                      maybe_headers: None,
-                    },
-                  ))));
-                }
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
     }
 
     if self.is_deno_publish
diff --git a/cli/cache/module_info.rs b/cli/cache/module_info.rs
index 4dbb01c37..060a6f4f0 100644
--- a/cli/cache/module_info.rs
+++ b/cli/cache/module_info.rs
@@ -44,18 +44,32 @@ pub static MODULE_INFO_CACHE_DB: CacheDBConfiguration = CacheDBConfiguration {
 /// A cache of `deno_graph::ModuleInfo` objects. Using this leads to a considerable
 /// performance improvement because when it exists we can skip parsing a module for
 /// deno_graph.
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct ModuleInfoCache {
   conn: CacheDB,
+  parsed_source_cache: Arc<ParsedSourceCache>,
 }
 
 impl ModuleInfoCache {
   #[cfg(test)]
-  pub fn new_in_memory(version: &'static str) -> Self {
-    Self::new(CacheDB::in_memory(&MODULE_INFO_CACHE_DB, version))
+  pub fn new_in_memory(
+    version: &'static str,
+    parsed_source_cache: Arc<ParsedSourceCache>,
+  ) -> Self {
+    Self::new(
+      CacheDB::in_memory(&MODULE_INFO_CACHE_DB, version),
+      parsed_source_cache,
+    )
   }
 
-  pub fn new(conn: CacheDB) -> Self {
-    Self { conn }
+  pub fn new(
+    conn: CacheDB,
+    parsed_source_cache: Arc<ParsedSourceCache>,
+  ) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      conn,
+      parsed_source_cache,
+    }
   }
 
   /// Useful for testing: re-create this cache DB with a different current version.
@@ -63,6 +77,7 @@ impl ModuleInfoCache {
   pub(crate) fn recreate_with_version(self, version: &'static str) -> Self {
     Self {
       conn: self.conn.recreate_with_version(version),
+      parsed_source_cache: self.parsed_source_cache,
     }
   }
 
@@ -113,13 +128,10 @@ impl ModuleInfoCache {
     Ok(())
   }
 
-  pub fn as_module_analyzer<'a>(
-    &'a self,
-    parsed_source_cache: &'a Arc<ParsedSourceCache>,
-  ) -> ModuleInfoCacheModuleAnalyzer<'a> {
+  pub fn as_module_analyzer(&self) -> ModuleInfoCacheModuleAnalyzer {
     ModuleInfoCacheModuleAnalyzer {
       module_info_cache: self,
-      parsed_source_cache,
+      parsed_source_cache: &self.parsed_source_cache,
     }
   }
 }
@@ -129,31 +141,99 @@ pub struct ModuleInfoCacheModuleAnalyzer<'a> {
   parsed_source_cache: &'a Arc<ParsedSourceCache>,
 }
 
-#[async_trait::async_trait(?Send)]
-impl<'a> deno_graph::ModuleAnalyzer for ModuleInfoCacheModuleAnalyzer<'a> {
-  async fn analyze(
+impl<'a> ModuleInfoCacheModuleAnalyzer<'a> {
+  fn load_cached_module_info(
     &self,
     specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
-    source: Arc<str>,
     media_type: MediaType,
-  ) -> Result<ModuleInfo, deno_ast::ParseDiagnostic> {
-    // attempt to load from the cache
-    let source_hash = CacheDBHash::from_source(&source);
+    source_hash: CacheDBHash,
+  ) -> Option<ModuleInfo> {
     match self.module_info_cache.get_module_info(
       specifier,
       media_type,
       source_hash,
     ) {
-      Ok(Some(info)) => return Ok(info),
-      Ok(None) => {}
+      Ok(Some(info)) => Some(info),
+      Ok(None) => None,
       Err(err) => {
         log::debug!(
           "Error loading module cache info for {}. {:#}",
           specifier,
           err
         );
+        None
       }
     }
+  }
+
+  fn save_module_info_to_cache(
+    &self,
+    specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
+    media_type: MediaType,
+    source_hash: CacheDBHash,
+    module_info: &ModuleInfo,
+  ) {
+    if let Err(err) = self.module_info_cache.set_module_info(
+      specifier,
+      media_type,
+      source_hash,
+      module_info,
+    ) {
+      log::debug!(
+        "Error saving module cache info for {}. {:#}",
+        specifier,
+        err
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn analyze_sync(
+    &self,
+    specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
+    media_type: MediaType,
+    source: &Arc<str>,
+  ) -> Result<ModuleInfo, deno_ast::ParseDiagnostic> {
+    // attempt to load from the cache
+    let source_hash = CacheDBHash::from_source(source);
+    if let Some(info) =
+      self.load_cached_module_info(specifier, media_type, source_hash)
+    {
+      return Ok(info);
+    }
+
+    // otherwise, get the module info from the parsed source cache
+    let parser = self.parsed_source_cache.as_capturing_parser();
+    let analyzer = ParserModuleAnalyzer::new(&parser);
+    let module_info =
+      analyzer.analyze_sync(specifier, source.clone(), media_type)?;
+
+    // then attempt to cache it
+    self.save_module_info_to_cache(
+      specifier,
+      media_type,
+      source_hash,
+      &module_info,
+    );
+
+    Ok(module_info)
+  }
+}
+
+#[async_trait::async_trait(?Send)]
+impl<'a> deno_graph::ModuleAnalyzer for ModuleInfoCacheModuleAnalyzer<'a> {
+  async fn analyze(
+    &self,
+    specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
+    source: Arc<str>,
+    media_type: MediaType,
+  ) -> Result<ModuleInfo, deno_ast::ParseDiagnostic> {
+    // attempt to load from the cache
+    let source_hash = CacheDBHash::from_source(&source);
+    if let Some(info) =
+      self.load_cached_module_info(specifier, media_type, source_hash)
+    {
+      return Ok(info);
+    }
 
     // otherwise, get the module info from the parsed source cache
     let module_info = deno_core::unsync::spawn_blocking({
@@ -169,18 +249,12 @@ impl<'a> deno_graph::ModuleAnalyzer for ModuleInfoCacheModuleAnalyzer<'a> {
     .unwrap()?;
 
     // then attempt to cache it
-    if let Err(err) = self.module_info_cache.set_module_info(
+    self.save_module_info_to_cache(
       specifier,
       media_type,
       source_hash,
       &module_info,
-    ) {
-      log::debug!(
-        "Error saving module cache info for {}. {:#}",
-        specifier,
-        err
-      );
-    }
+    );
 
     Ok(module_info)
   }
@@ -202,7 +276,7 @@ fn serialize_media_type(media_type: MediaType) -> i64 {
     Tsx => 11,
     Json => 12,
     Wasm => 13,
-    TsBuildInfo => 14,
+    Css => 14,
     SourceMap => 15,
     Unknown => 16,
   }
@@ -217,7 +291,7 @@ mod test {
 
   #[test]
   pub fn module_info_cache_general_use() {
-    let cache = ModuleInfoCache::new_in_memory("1.0.0");
+    let cache = ModuleInfoCache::new_in_memory("1.0.0", Default::default());
     let specifier1 =
       ModuleSpecifier::parse("https://localhost/mod.ts").unwrap();
     let specifier2 =
diff --git a/cli/cache/parsed_source.rs b/cli/cache/parsed_source.rs
index df6e45c35..7e819ae99 100644
--- a/cli/cache/parsed_source.rs
+++ b/cli/cache/parsed_source.rs
@@ -5,12 +5,11 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use deno_ast::MediaType;
 use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
-use deno_ast::ParseDiagnostic;
 use deno_ast::ParsedSource;
 use deno_core::parking_lot::Mutex;
-use deno_graph::CapturingModuleParser;
-use deno_graph::DefaultModuleParser;
-use deno_graph::ModuleParser;
+use deno_graph::CapturingEsParser;
+use deno_graph::DefaultEsParser;
+use deno_graph::EsParser;
 use deno_graph::ParseOptions;
 use deno_graph::ParsedSourceStore;
 
@@ -47,7 +46,7 @@ impl<'a> LazyGraphSourceParser<'a> {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Default)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
 pub struct ParsedSourceCache {
   sources: Mutex<HashMap<ModuleSpecifier, ParsedSource>>,
 }
@@ -58,12 +57,11 @@ impl ParsedSourceCache {
     module: &deno_graph::JsModule,
   ) -> Result<ParsedSource, deno_ast::ParseDiagnostic> {
     let parser = self.as_capturing_parser();
-    // this will conditionally parse because it's using a CapturingModuleParser
-    parser.parse_module(ParseOptions {
+    // this will conditionally parse because it's using a CapturingEsParser
+    parser.parse_program(ParseOptions {
       specifier: &module.specifier,
       source: module.source.clone(),
       media_type: module.media_type,
-      // don't bother enabling because this method is currently only used for vendoring
       scope_analysis: false,
     })
   }
@@ -87,10 +85,9 @@ impl ParsedSourceCache {
       specifier,
       source,
       media_type,
-      // don't bother enabling because this method is currently only used for emitting
       scope_analysis: false,
     };
-    DefaultModuleParser.parse_module(options)
+    DefaultEsParser.parse_program(options)
   }
 
   /// Frees the parsed source from memory.
@@ -100,8 +97,8 @@ impl ParsedSourceCache {
 
   /// Creates a parser that will reuse a ParsedSource from the store
   /// if it exists, or else parse.
-  pub fn as_capturing_parser(&self) -> CapturingModuleParser {
-    CapturingModuleParser::new(None, self)
+  pub fn as_capturing_parser(&self) -> CapturingEsParser {
+    CapturingEsParser::new(None, self)
   }
 }
 
@@ -150,42 +147,3 @@ impl deno_graph::ParsedSourceStore for ParsedSourceCache {
     }
   }
 }
-
-pub struct EsmOrCjsChecker {
-  parsed_source_cache: Arc<ParsedSourceCache>,
-}
-
-impl EsmOrCjsChecker {
-  pub fn new(parsed_source_cache: Arc<ParsedSourceCache>) -> Self {
-    Self {
-      parsed_source_cache,
-    }
-  }
-
-  pub fn is_esm(
-    &self,
-    specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
-    source: Arc<str>,
-    media_type: MediaType,
-  ) -> Result<bool, ParseDiagnostic> {
-    // todo(dsherret): add a file cache here to avoid parsing with swc on each run
-    let source = match self.parsed_source_cache.get_parsed_source(specifier) {
-      Some(source) => source.clone(),
-      None => {
-        let source = deno_ast::parse_program(deno_ast::ParseParams {
-          specifier: specifier.clone(),
-          text: source,
-          media_type,
-          capture_tokens: true, // capture because it's used for cjs export analysis
-          scope_analysis: false,
-          maybe_syntax: None,
-        })?;
-        self
-          .parsed_source_cache
-          .set_parsed_source(specifier.clone(), source.clone());
-        source
-      }
-    };
-    Ok(source.is_module())
-  }
-}
diff --git a/cli/emit.rs b/cli/emit.rs
index 8e93092e6..8c4f2091c 100644
--- a/cli/emit.rs
+++ b/cli/emit.rs
@@ -3,11 +3,14 @@
 use crate::cache::EmitCache;
 use crate::cache::FastInsecureHasher;
 use crate::cache::ParsedSourceCache;
+use crate::resolver::CjsTracker;
 
+use deno_ast::ModuleKind;
 use deno_ast::SourceMapOption;
 use deno_ast::SourceRange;
 use deno_ast::SourceRanged;
 use deno_ast::SourceRangedForSpanned;
+use deno_ast::TranspileModuleOptions;
 use deno_ast::TranspileResult;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::futures::stream::FuturesUnordered;
@@ -19,7 +22,9 @@ use deno_graph::Module;
 use deno_graph::ModuleGraph;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Emitter {
+  cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
   emit_cache: Arc<EmitCache>,
   parsed_source_cache: Arc<ParsedSourceCache>,
   transpile_and_emit_options:
@@ -30,6 +35,7 @@ pub struct Emitter {
 
 impl Emitter {
   pub fn new(
+    cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
     emit_cache: Arc<EmitCache>,
     parsed_source_cache: Arc<ParsedSourceCache>,
     transpile_options: deno_ast::TranspileOptions,
@@ -42,6 +48,7 @@ impl Emitter {
       hasher.finish()
     };
     Self {
+      cjs_tracker,
       emit_cache,
       parsed_source_cache,
       transpile_and_emit_options: Arc::new((transpile_options, emit_options)),
@@ -59,21 +66,19 @@ impl Emitter {
         continue;
       };
 
-      // todo(https://github.com/denoland/deno_media_type/pull/12): use is_emittable()
-      let is_emittable = matches!(
-        module.media_type,
-        MediaType::TypeScript
-          | MediaType::Mts
-          | MediaType::Cts
-          | MediaType::Jsx
-          | MediaType::Tsx
-      );
-      if is_emittable {
+      if module.media_type.is_emittable() {
         futures.push(
           self
             .emit_parsed_source(
               &module.specifier,
               module.media_type,
+              ModuleKind::from_is_cjs(
+                self.cjs_tracker.is_cjs_with_known_is_script(
+                  &module.specifier,
+                  module.media_type,
+                  module.is_script,
+                )?,
+              ),
               &module.source,
             )
             .boxed_local(),
@@ -92,9 +97,10 @@ impl Emitter {
   pub fn maybe_cached_emit(
     &self,
     specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
+    module_kind: deno_ast::ModuleKind,
     source: &str,
   ) -> Option<String> {
-    let source_hash = self.get_source_hash(source);
+    let source_hash = self.get_source_hash(module_kind, source);
     self.emit_cache.get_emit_code(specifier, source_hash)
   }
 
@@ -102,11 +108,12 @@ impl Emitter {
     &self,
     specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
     media_type: MediaType,
+    module_kind: deno_ast::ModuleKind,
     source: &Arc<str>,
   ) -> Result<String, AnyError> {
     // Note: keep this in sync with the sync version below
     let helper = EmitParsedSourceHelper(self);
-    match helper.pre_emit_parsed_source(specifier, source) {
+    match helper.pre_emit_parsed_source(specifier, module_kind, source) {
       PreEmitResult::Cached(emitted_text) => Ok(emitted_text),
       PreEmitResult::NotCached { source_hash } => {
         let parsed_source_cache = self.parsed_source_cache.clone();
@@ -119,8 +126,9 @@ impl Emitter {
             EmitParsedSourceHelper::transpile(
               &parsed_source_cache,
               &specifier,
-              source.clone(),
               media_type,
+              module_kind,
+              source.clone(),
               &transpile_and_emit_options.0,
               &transpile_and_emit_options.1,
             )
@@ -142,18 +150,20 @@ impl Emitter {
     &self,
     specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
     media_type: MediaType,
+    module_kind: deno_ast::ModuleKind,
     source: &Arc<str>,
   ) -> Result<String, AnyError> {
     // Note: keep this in sync with the async version above
     let helper = EmitParsedSourceHelper(self);
-    match helper.pre_emit_parsed_source(specifier, source) {
+    match helper.pre_emit_parsed_source(specifier, module_kind, source) {
       PreEmitResult::Cached(emitted_text) => Ok(emitted_text),
       PreEmitResult::NotCached { source_hash } => {
         let transpiled_source = EmitParsedSourceHelper::transpile(
           &self.parsed_source_cache,
           specifier,
-          source.clone(),
           media_type,
+          module_kind,
+          source.clone(),
           &self.transpile_and_emit_options.0,
           &self.transpile_and_emit_options.1,
         )?;
@@ -171,6 +181,7 @@ impl Emitter {
   pub async fn load_and_emit_for_hmr(
     &self,
     specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
+    module_kind: deno_ast::ModuleKind,
   ) -> Result<String, AnyError> {
     let media_type = MediaType::from_specifier(specifier);
     let source_code = tokio::fs::read_to_string(
@@ -193,9 +204,14 @@ impl Emitter {
         let mut options = self.transpile_and_emit_options.1.clone();
         options.source_map = SourceMapOption::None;
         let transpiled_source = parsed_source
-          .transpile(&self.transpile_and_emit_options.0, &options)?
-          .into_source()
-          .into_string()?;
+          .transpile(
+            &self.transpile_and_emit_options.0,
+            &deno_ast::TranspileModuleOptions {
+              module_kind: Some(module_kind),
+            },
+            &options,
+          )?
+          .into_source();
         Ok(transpiled_source.text)
       }
       MediaType::JavaScript
@@ -206,7 +222,7 @@ impl Emitter {
       | MediaType::Dcts
       | MediaType::Json
       | MediaType::Wasm
-      | MediaType::TsBuildInfo
+      | MediaType::Css
       | MediaType::SourceMap
       | MediaType::Unknown => {
         // clear this specifier from the parsed source cache as it's now out of date
@@ -219,10 +235,11 @@ impl Emitter {
   /// A hashing function that takes the source code and uses the global emit
   /// options then generates a string hash which can be stored to
   /// determine if the cached emit is valid or not.
-  fn get_source_hash(&self, source_text: &str) -> u64 {
+  fn get_source_hash(&self, module_kind: ModuleKind, source_text: &str) -> u64 {
     FastInsecureHasher::new_without_deno_version() // stored in the transpile_and_emit_options_hash
       .write_str(source_text)
       .write_u64(self.transpile_and_emit_options_hash)
+      .write_hashable(module_kind)
       .finish()
   }
 }
@@ -239,9 +256,10 @@ impl<'a> EmitParsedSourceHelper<'a> {
   pub fn pre_emit_parsed_source(
     &self,
     specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
+    module_kind: deno_ast::ModuleKind,
     source: &Arc<str>,
   ) -> PreEmitResult {
-    let source_hash = self.0.get_source_hash(source);
+    let source_hash = self.0.get_source_hash(module_kind, source);
 
     if let Some(emit_code) =
       self.0.emit_cache.get_emit_code(specifier, source_hash)
@@ -255,8 +273,9 @@ impl<'a> EmitParsedSourceHelper<'a> {
   pub fn transpile(
     parsed_source_cache: &ParsedSourceCache,
     specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
-    source: Arc<str>,
     media_type: MediaType,
+    module_kind: deno_ast::ModuleKind,
+    source: Arc<str>,
     transpile_options: &deno_ast::TranspileOptions,
     emit_options: &deno_ast::EmitOptions,
   ) -> Result<String, AnyError> {
@@ -265,8 +284,13 @@ impl<'a> EmitParsedSourceHelper<'a> {
     let parsed_source = parsed_source_cache
       .remove_or_parse_module(specifier, source, media_type)?;
     ensure_no_import_assertion(&parsed_source)?;
-    let transpile_result =
-      parsed_source.transpile(transpile_options, emit_options)?;
+    let transpile_result = parsed_source.transpile(
+      transpile_options,
+      &TranspileModuleOptions {
+        module_kind: Some(module_kind),
+      },
+      emit_options,
+    )?;
     let transpiled_source = match transpile_result {
       TranspileResult::Owned(source) => source,
       TranspileResult::Cloned(source) => {
@@ -275,8 +299,7 @@ impl<'a> EmitParsedSourceHelper<'a> {
       }
     };
     debug_assert!(transpiled_source.source_map.is_none());
-    let text = String::from_utf8(transpiled_source.source)?;
-    Ok(text)
+    Ok(transpiled_source.text)
   }
 
   pub fn post_emit_parsed_source(
@@ -321,7 +344,7 @@ fn ensure_no_import_assertion(
     deno_core::anyhow::anyhow!("{}", msg)
   }
 
-  let Some(module) = parsed_source.program_ref().as_module() else {
+  let deno_ast::ProgramRef::Module(module) = parsed_source.program_ref() else {
     return Ok(());
   };
 
diff --git a/cli/factory.rs b/cli/factory.rs
index d5ef4fd8b..4a36c75ba 100644
--- a/cli/factory.rs
+++ b/cli/factory.rs
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ use crate::args::StorageKeyResolver;
 use crate::args::TsConfigType;
 use crate::cache::Caches;
 use crate::cache::CodeCache;
+use crate::cache::DenoCacheEnvFsAdapter;
 use crate::cache::DenoDir;
 use crate::cache::DenoDirProvider;
 use crate::cache::EmitCache;
-use crate::cache::EsmOrCjsChecker;
 use crate::cache::GlobalHttpCache;
 use crate::cache::HttpCache;
 use crate::cache::LocalHttpCache;
@@ -33,12 +33,16 @@ use crate::module_loader::ModuleLoadPreparer;
 use crate::node::CliCjsCodeAnalyzer;
 use crate::node::CliNodeCodeTranslator;
 use crate::npm::create_cli_npm_resolver;
+use crate::npm::create_in_npm_pkg_checker;
 use crate::npm::CliByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions;
+use crate::npm::CliManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions;
+use crate::npm::CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolverCreateOptions;
-use crate::npm::CliNpmResolverManagedCreateOptions;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption;
-use crate::resolver::CjsResolutionStore;
+use crate::npm::CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions;
+use crate::resolver::CjsTracker;
+use crate::resolver::CjsTrackerOptions;
 use crate::resolver::CliDenoResolverFs;
 use crate::resolver::CliGraphResolver;
 use crate::resolver::CliGraphResolverOptions;
@@ -51,6 +55,7 @@ use crate::tools::check::TypeChecker;
 use crate::tools::coverage::CoverageCollector;
 use crate::tools::lint::LintRuleProvider;
 use crate::tools::run::hmr::HmrRunner;
+use crate::tsc::TypeCheckingCjsTracker;
 use crate::util::file_watcher::WatcherCommunicator;
 use crate::util::fs::canonicalize_path_maybe_not_exists;
 use crate::util::progress_bar::ProgressBar;
@@ -59,6 +64,7 @@ use crate::worker::CliMainWorkerFactory;
 use crate::worker::CliMainWorkerOptions;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
+use deno_cache_dir::npm::NpmCacheDir;
 use deno_config::workspace::PackageJsonDepResolution;
 use deno_config::workspace::WorkspaceResolver;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
@@ -68,6 +74,7 @@ use deno_core::FeatureChecker;
 use deno_runtime::deno_fs;
 use deno_runtime::deno_node::DenoFsNodeResolverEnv;
 use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodeResolver;
+use deno_runtime::deno_node::PackageJsonResolver;
 use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::Permissions;
 use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
 use deno_runtime::deno_tls::rustls::RootCertStore;
@@ -77,6 +84,7 @@ use deno_runtime::inspector_server::InspectorServer;
 use deno_runtime::permissions::RuntimePermissionDescriptorParser;
 use log::warn;
 use node_resolver::analyze::NodeCodeTranslator;
+use node_resolver::InNpmPackageChecker;
 use once_cell::sync::OnceCell;
 use std::future::Future;
 use std::sync::Arc;
@@ -164,39 +172,41 @@ impl<T> Deferred<T> {
 
 #[derive(Default)]
 struct CliFactoryServices {
-  cli_options: Deferred<Arc<CliOptions>>,
+  blob_store: Deferred<Arc<BlobStore>>,
   caches: Deferred<Arc<Caches>>,
+  cjs_tracker: Deferred<Arc<CjsTracker>>,
+  cli_node_resolver: Deferred<Arc<CliNodeResolver>>,
+  cli_options: Deferred<Arc<CliOptions>>,
+  code_cache: Deferred<Arc<CodeCache>>,
+  emit_cache: Deferred<Arc<EmitCache>>,
+  emitter: Deferred<Arc<Emitter>>,
+  feature_checker: Deferred<Arc<FeatureChecker>>,
   file_fetcher: Deferred<Arc<FileFetcher>>,
+  fs: Deferred<Arc<dyn deno_fs::FileSystem>>,
   global_http_cache: Deferred<Arc<GlobalHttpCache>>,
   http_cache: Deferred<Arc<dyn HttpCache>>,
   http_client_provider: Deferred<Arc<HttpClientProvider>>,
-  emit_cache: Deferred<Arc<EmitCache>>,
-  emitter: Deferred<Arc<Emitter>>,
-  esm_or_cjs_checker: Deferred<Arc<EsmOrCjsChecker>>,
-  fs: Deferred<Arc<dyn deno_fs::FileSystem>>,
+  in_npm_pkg_checker: Deferred<Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>>,
   main_graph_container: Deferred<Arc<MainModuleGraphContainer>>,
-  maybe_inspector_server: Deferred<Option<Arc<InspectorServer>>>,
-  root_cert_store_provider: Deferred<Arc<dyn RootCertStoreProvider>>,
-  blob_store: Deferred<Arc<BlobStore>>,
-  module_info_cache: Deferred<Arc<ModuleInfoCache>>,
-  parsed_source_cache: Deferred<Arc<ParsedSourceCache>>,
-  resolver: Deferred<Arc<CliGraphResolver>>,
   maybe_file_watcher_reporter: Deferred<Option<FileWatcherReporter>>,
+  maybe_inspector_server: Deferred<Option<Arc<InspectorServer>>>,
   module_graph_builder: Deferred<Arc<ModuleGraphBuilder>>,
   module_graph_creator: Deferred<Arc<ModuleGraphCreator>>,
+  module_info_cache: Deferred<Arc<ModuleInfoCache>>,
   module_load_preparer: Deferred<Arc<ModuleLoadPreparer>>,
   node_code_translator: Deferred<Arc<CliNodeCodeTranslator>>,
   node_resolver: Deferred<Arc<NodeResolver>>,
+  npm_cache_dir: Deferred<Arc<NpmCacheDir>>,
   npm_resolver: Deferred<Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>>,
+  parsed_source_cache: Deferred<Arc<ParsedSourceCache>>,
   permission_desc_parser: Deferred<Arc<RuntimePermissionDescriptorParser>>,
+  pkg_json_resolver: Deferred<Arc<PackageJsonResolver>>,
+  resolver: Deferred<Arc<CliGraphResolver>>,
+  root_cert_store_provider: Deferred<Arc<dyn RootCertStoreProvider>>,
   root_permissions_container: Deferred<PermissionsContainer>,
   sloppy_imports_resolver: Deferred<Option<Arc<CliSloppyImportsResolver>>>,
   text_only_progress_bar: Deferred<ProgressBar>,
   type_checker: Deferred<Arc<TypeChecker>>,
-  cjs_resolutions: Deferred<Arc<CjsResolutionStore>>,
-  cli_node_resolver: Deferred<Arc<CliNodeResolver>>,
-  feature_checker: Deferred<Arc<FeatureChecker>>,
-  code_cache: Deferred<Arc<CodeCache>>,
   workspace_resolver: Deferred<Arc<WorkspaceResolver>>,
 }
 
@@ -300,12 +310,6 @@ impl CliFactory {
       .get_or_init(|| ProgressBar::new(ProgressBarStyle::TextOnly))
   }
 
-  pub fn esm_or_cjs_checker(&self) -> &Arc<EsmOrCjsChecker> {
-    self.services.esm_or_cjs_checker.get_or_init(|| {
-      Arc::new(EsmOrCjsChecker::new(self.parsed_source_cache().clone()))
-    })
-  }
-
   pub fn global_http_cache(&self) -> Result<&Arc<GlobalHttpCache>, AnyError> {
     self.services.global_http_cache.get_or_try_init(|| {
       Ok(Arc::new(GlobalHttpCache::new(
@@ -359,56 +363,112 @@ impl CliFactory {
     self.services.fs.get_or_init(|| Arc::new(deno_fs::RealFs))
   }
 
+  pub fn in_npm_pkg_checker(
+    &self,
+  ) -> Result<&Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>, AnyError> {
+    self.services.in_npm_pkg_checker.get_or_try_init(|| {
+      let cli_options = self.cli_options()?;
+      let options = if cli_options.use_byonm() {
+        CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions::Byonm
+      } else {
+        CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions::Managed(
+          CliManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions {
+            root_cache_dir_url: self.npm_cache_dir()?.root_dir_url(),
+            maybe_node_modules_path: cli_options
+              .node_modules_dir_path()
+              .map(|p| p.as_path()),
+          },
+        )
+      };
+      Ok(create_in_npm_pkg_checker(options))
+    })
+  }
+
+  pub fn npm_cache_dir(&self) -> Result<&Arc<NpmCacheDir>, AnyError> {
+    self.services.npm_cache_dir.get_or_try_init(|| {
+      let fs = self.fs();
+      let global_path = self.deno_dir()?.npm_folder_path();
+      let cli_options = self.cli_options()?;
+      Ok(Arc::new(NpmCacheDir::new(
+        &DenoCacheEnvFsAdapter(fs.as_ref()),
+        global_path,
+        cli_options.npmrc().get_all_known_registries_urls(),
+      )))
+    })
+  }
+
   pub async fn npm_resolver(
     &self,
   ) -> Result<&Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>, AnyError> {
     self
       .services
       .npm_resolver
-      .get_or_try_init_async(async {
-        let fs = self.fs();
-        let cli_options = self.cli_options()?;
-        // For `deno install` we want to force the managed resolver so it can set up `node_modules/` directory.
-        create_cli_npm_resolver(if cli_options.use_byonm() && !matches!(cli_options.sub_command(), DenoSubcommand::Install(_) | DenoSubcommand::Add(_) | DenoSubcommand::Remove(_)) {
-          CliNpmResolverCreateOptions::Byonm(CliByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions {
-            fs: CliDenoResolverFs(fs.clone()),
-            root_node_modules_dir: Some(match cli_options.node_modules_dir_path() {
-              Some(node_modules_path) => node_modules_path.to_path_buf(),
-              // path needs to be canonicalized for node resolution
-              // (node_modules_dir_path above is already canonicalized)
-              None => canonicalize_path_maybe_not_exists(cli_options.initial_cwd())?
-                .join("node_modules"),
-            }),
-          })
-        } else {
-          CliNpmResolverCreateOptions::Managed(CliNpmResolverManagedCreateOptions {
-            snapshot: match cli_options.resolve_npm_resolution_snapshot()? {
-              Some(snapshot) => {
-                CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption::Specified(Some(snapshot))
-              }
-              None => match cli_options.maybe_lockfile() {
-                Some(lockfile) => {
-                  CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption::ResolveFromLockfile(
-                    lockfile.clone(),
-                  )
-                }
-                None => CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption::Specified(None),
+      .get_or_try_init_async(
+        async {
+          let fs = self.fs();
+          let cli_options = self.cli_options()?;
+          create_cli_npm_resolver(if cli_options.use_byonm() {
+            CliNpmResolverCreateOptions::Byonm(
+              CliByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions {
+                fs: CliDenoResolverFs(fs.clone()),
+                pkg_json_resolver: self.pkg_json_resolver().clone(),
+                root_node_modules_dir: Some(
+                  match cli_options.node_modules_dir_path() {
+                    Some(node_modules_path) => node_modules_path.to_path_buf(),
+                    // path needs to be canonicalized for node resolution
+                    // (node_modules_dir_path above is already canonicalized)
+                    None => canonicalize_path_maybe_not_exists(
+                      cli_options.initial_cwd(),
+                    )?
+                    .join("node_modules"),
+                  },
+                ),
               },
-            },
-            maybe_lockfile: cli_options.maybe_lockfile().cloned(),
-            fs: fs.clone(),
-            http_client_provider: self.http_client_provider().clone(),
-            npm_global_cache_dir: self.deno_dir()?.npm_folder_path(),
-            cache_setting: cli_options.cache_setting(),
-            text_only_progress_bar: self.text_only_progress_bar().clone(),
-            maybe_node_modules_path: cli_options.node_modules_dir_path().cloned(),
-            npm_install_deps_provider: Arc::new(NpmInstallDepsProvider::from_workspace(cli_options.workspace())),
-            npm_system_info: cli_options.npm_system_info(),
-            npmrc: cli_options.npmrc().clone(),
-            lifecycle_scripts: cli_options.lifecycle_scripts_config(),
+            )
+          } else {
+            CliNpmResolverCreateOptions::Managed(
+              CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions {
+                snapshot: match cli_options.resolve_npm_resolution_snapshot()? {
+                  Some(snapshot) => {
+                    CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption::Specified(Some(
+                      snapshot,
+                    ))
+                  }
+                  None => match cli_options.maybe_lockfile() {
+                    Some(lockfile) => {
+                      CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption::ResolveFromLockfile(
+                        lockfile.clone(),
+                      )
+                    }
+                    None => {
+                      CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption::Specified(None)
+                    }
+                  },
+                },
+                maybe_lockfile: cli_options.maybe_lockfile().cloned(),
+                fs: fs.clone(),
+                http_client_provider: self.http_client_provider().clone(),
+                npm_cache_dir: self.npm_cache_dir()?.clone(),
+                cache_setting: cli_options.cache_setting(),
+                text_only_progress_bar: self.text_only_progress_bar().clone(),
+                maybe_node_modules_path: cli_options
+                  .node_modules_dir_path()
+                  .cloned(),
+                npm_install_deps_provider: Arc::new(
+                  NpmInstallDepsProvider::from_workspace(
+                    cli_options.workspace(),
+                  ),
+                ),
+                npm_system_info: cli_options.npm_system_info(),
+                npmrc: cli_options.npmrc().clone(),
+                lifecycle_scripts: cli_options.lifecycle_scripts_config(),
+              },
+            )
           })
-        }).await
-      }.boxed_local())
+          .await
+        }
+        .boxed_local(),
+      )
       .await
   }
 
@@ -513,6 +573,7 @@ impl CliFactory {
     self.services.module_info_cache.get_or_try_init(|| {
       Ok(Arc::new(ModuleInfoCache::new(
         self.caches()?.dep_analysis_db(),
+        self.parsed_source_cache().clone(),
       )))
     })
   }
@@ -541,6 +602,7 @@ impl CliFactory {
           ts_config_result.ts_config,
         )?;
       Ok(Arc::new(Emitter::new(
+        self.cjs_tracker()?.clone(),
         self.emit_cache()?.clone(),
         self.parsed_source_cache().clone(),
         transpile_options,
@@ -564,7 +626,9 @@ impl CliFactory {
         async {
           Ok(Arc::new(NodeResolver::new(
             DenoFsNodeResolverEnv::new(self.fs().clone()),
+            self.in_npm_pkg_checker()?.clone(),
             self.npm_resolver().await?.clone().into_npm_resolver(),
+            self.pkg_json_resolver().clone(),
           )))
         }
         .boxed_local(),
@@ -582,24 +646,35 @@ impl CliFactory {
         let caches = self.caches()?;
         let node_analysis_cache =
           NodeAnalysisCache::new(caches.node_analysis_db());
-        let node_resolver = self.cli_node_resolver().await?.clone();
+        let node_resolver = self.node_resolver().await?.clone();
         let cjs_esm_analyzer = CliCjsCodeAnalyzer::new(
           node_analysis_cache,
+          self.cjs_tracker()?.clone(),
           self.fs().clone(),
-          node_resolver,
           Some(self.parsed_source_cache().clone()),
+          self.cli_options()?.is_npm_main(),
         );
 
         Ok(Arc::new(NodeCodeTranslator::new(
           cjs_esm_analyzer,
           DenoFsNodeResolverEnv::new(self.fs().clone()),
-          self.node_resolver().await?.clone(),
+          self.in_npm_pkg_checker()?.clone(),
+          node_resolver,
           self.npm_resolver().await?.clone().into_npm_resolver(),
+          self.pkg_json_resolver().clone(),
         )))
       })
       .await
   }
 
+  pub fn pkg_json_resolver(&self) -> &Arc<PackageJsonResolver> {
+    self.services.pkg_json_resolver.get_or_init(|| {
+      Arc::new(PackageJsonResolver::new(DenoFsNodeResolverEnv::new(
+        self.fs().clone(),
+      )))
+    })
+  }
+
   pub async fn type_checker(&self) -> Result<&Arc<TypeChecker>, AnyError> {
     self
       .services
@@ -608,6 +683,10 @@ impl CliFactory {
         let cli_options = self.cli_options()?;
         Ok(Arc::new(TypeChecker::new(
           self.caches()?.clone(),
+          Arc::new(TypeCheckingCjsTracker::new(
+            self.cjs_tracker()?.clone(),
+            self.module_info_cache()?.clone(),
+          )),
           cli_options.clone(),
           self.module_graph_builder().await?.clone(),
           self.node_resolver().await?.clone(),
@@ -626,19 +705,18 @@ impl CliFactory {
       .get_or_try_init_async(async {
         let cli_options = self.cli_options()?;
         Ok(Arc::new(ModuleGraphBuilder::new(
-          cli_options.clone(),
           self.caches()?.clone(),
-          self.esm_or_cjs_checker().clone(),
+          cli_options.clone(),
+          self.file_fetcher()?.clone(),
           self.fs().clone(),
-          self.resolver().await?.clone(),
-          self.cli_node_resolver().await?.clone(),
-          self.npm_resolver().await?.clone(),
-          self.module_info_cache()?.clone(),
-          self.parsed_source_cache().clone(),
+          self.global_http_cache()?.clone(),
+          self.in_npm_pkg_checker()?.clone(),
           cli_options.maybe_lockfile().cloned(),
           self.maybe_file_watcher_reporter().clone(),
-          self.file_fetcher()?.clone(),
-          self.global_http_cache()?.clone(),
+          self.module_info_cache()?.clone(),
+          self.npm_resolver().await?.clone(),
+          self.parsed_source_cache().clone(),
+          self.resolver().await?.clone(),
           self.root_permissions_container()?.clone(),
         )))
       })
@@ -710,8 +788,17 @@ impl CliFactory {
       .await
   }
 
-  pub fn cjs_resolutions(&self) -> &Arc<CjsResolutionStore> {
-    self.services.cjs_resolutions.get_or_init(Default::default)
+  pub fn cjs_tracker(&self) -> Result<&Arc<CjsTracker>, AnyError> {
+    self.services.cjs_tracker.get_or_try_init(|| {
+      let options = self.cli_options()?;
+      Ok(Arc::new(CjsTracker::new(
+        self.in_npm_pkg_checker()?.clone(),
+        self.pkg_json_resolver().clone(),
+        CjsTrackerOptions {
+          unstable_detect_cjs: options.unstable_detect_cjs(),
+        },
+      )))
+    })
   }
 
   pub async fn cli_node_resolver(
@@ -722,8 +809,9 @@ impl CliFactory {
       .cli_node_resolver
       .get_or_try_init_async(async {
         Ok(Arc::new(CliNodeResolver::new(
-          self.cjs_resolutions().clone(),
+          self.cjs_tracker()?.clone(),
           self.fs().clone(),
+          self.in_npm_pkg_checker()?.clone(),
           self.node_resolver().await?.clone(),
           self.npm_resolver().await?.clone(),
         )))
@@ -761,6 +849,7 @@ impl CliFactory {
   ) -> Result<DenoCompileBinaryWriter, AnyError> {
     let cli_options = self.cli_options()?;
     Ok(DenoCompileBinaryWriter::new(
+      self.cjs_tracker()?,
       self.deno_dir()?,
       self.emitter()?,
       self.file_fetcher()?,
@@ -791,53 +880,60 @@ impl CliFactory {
     &self,
   ) -> Result<CliMainWorkerFactory, AnyError> {
     let cli_options = self.cli_options()?;
+    let fs = self.fs();
     let node_resolver = self.node_resolver().await?;
     let npm_resolver = self.npm_resolver().await?;
-    let fs = self.fs();
     let cli_node_resolver = self.cli_node_resolver().await?;
     let cli_npm_resolver = self.npm_resolver().await?.clone();
+    let in_npm_pkg_checker = self.in_npm_pkg_checker()?;
     let maybe_file_watcher_communicator = if cli_options.has_hmr() {
       Some(self.watcher_communicator.clone().unwrap())
     } else {
       None
     };
+    let node_code_translator = self.node_code_translator().await?;
+    let cjs_tracker = self.cjs_tracker()?.clone();
+    let pkg_json_resolver = self.pkg_json_resolver().clone();
 
     Ok(CliMainWorkerFactory::new(
       self.blob_store().clone(),
-      self.cjs_resolutions().clone(),
       if cli_options.code_cache_enabled() {
         Some(self.code_cache()?.clone())
       } else {
         None
       },
       self.feature_checker()?.clone(),
-      self.fs().clone(),
+      fs.clone(),
       maybe_file_watcher_communicator,
       self.maybe_inspector_server()?.clone(),
       cli_options.maybe_lockfile().cloned(),
       Box::new(CliModuleLoaderFactory::new(
         cli_options,
+        cjs_tracker,
         if cli_options.code_cache_enabled() {
           Some(self.code_cache()?.clone())
         } else {
           None
         },
         self.emitter()?.clone(),
+        fs.clone(),
+        in_npm_pkg_checker.clone(),
         self.main_module_graph_container().await?.clone(),
         self.module_load_preparer().await?.clone(),
+        node_code_translator.clone(),
         cli_node_resolver.clone(),
         cli_npm_resolver.clone(),
         NpmModuleLoader::new(
-          self.cjs_resolutions().clone(),
-          self.node_code_translator().await?.clone(),
+          self.cjs_tracker()?.clone(),
           fs.clone(),
-          cli_node_resolver.clone(),
+          node_code_translator.clone(),
         ),
         self.parsed_source_cache().clone(),
         self.resolver().await?.clone(),
       )),
       node_resolver.clone(),
       npm_resolver.clone(),
+      pkg_json_resolver,
       self.root_cert_store_provider().clone(),
       self.root_permissions_container()?.clone(),
       StorageKeyResolver::from_options(cli_options),
@@ -853,8 +949,10 @@ impl CliFactory {
     let create_hmr_runner = if cli_options.has_hmr() {
       let watcher_communicator = self.watcher_communicator.clone().unwrap();
       let emitter = self.emitter()?.clone();
+      let cjs_tracker = self.cjs_tracker()?.clone();
       let fn_: crate::worker::CreateHmrRunnerCb = Box::new(move |session| {
         Box::new(HmrRunner::new(
+          cjs_tracker.clone(),
           emitter.clone(),
           session,
           watcher_communicator.clone(),
@@ -891,7 +989,6 @@ impl CliFactory {
       inspect_wait: cli_options.inspect_wait().is_some(),
       strace_ops: cli_options.strace_ops().clone(),
       is_inspecting: cli_options.is_inspecting(),
-      is_npm_main: cli_options.is_npm_main(),
       location: cli_options.location_flag().clone(),
       // if the user ran a binary command, we'll need to set process.argv[0]
       // to be the name of the binary command instead of deno
@@ -909,7 +1006,6 @@ impl CliFactory {
       node_ipc: cli_options.node_ipc_fd(),
       serve_port: cli_options.serve_port(),
       serve_host: cli_options.serve_host(),
-      unstable_detect_cjs: cli_options.unstable_detect_cjs(),
     })
   }
 }
diff --git a/cli/graph_util.rs b/cli/graph_util.rs
index 2eaee228a..46257cf78 100644
--- a/cli/graph_util.rs
+++ b/cli/graph_util.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ use crate::args::CliLockfile;
 use crate::args::CliOptions;
 use crate::args::DENO_DISABLE_PEDANTIC_NODE_WARNINGS;
 use crate::cache;
-use crate::cache::EsmOrCjsChecker;
 use crate::cache::GlobalHttpCache;
 use crate::cache::ModuleInfoCache;
 use crate::cache::ParsedSourceCache;
@@ -15,7 +14,6 @@ use crate::errors::get_error_class_name;
 use crate::file_fetcher::FileFetcher;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
 use crate::resolver::CliGraphResolver;
-use crate::resolver::CliNodeResolver;
 use crate::resolver::CliSloppyImportsResolver;
 use crate::resolver::SloppyImportsCachedFs;
 use crate::tools::check;
@@ -50,6 +48,7 @@ use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
 use deno_semver::jsr::JsrDepPackageReq;
 use deno_semver::package::PackageNv;
 use import_map::ImportMapError;
+use node_resolver::InNpmPackageChecker;
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::ops::Deref;
@@ -379,54 +378,51 @@ pub struct BuildFastCheckGraphOptions<'a> {
 }
 
 pub struct ModuleGraphBuilder {
-  options: Arc<CliOptions>,
   caches: Arc<cache::Caches>,
-  esm_or_cjs_checker: Arc<EsmOrCjsChecker>,
+  cli_options: Arc<CliOptions>,
+  file_fetcher: Arc<FileFetcher>,
   fs: Arc<dyn FileSystem>,
-  resolver: Arc<CliGraphResolver>,
-  node_resolver: Arc<CliNodeResolver>,
-  npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
-  module_info_cache: Arc<ModuleInfoCache>,
-  parsed_source_cache: Arc<ParsedSourceCache>,
+  global_http_cache: Arc<GlobalHttpCache>,
+  in_npm_pkg_checker: Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>,
   lockfile: Option<Arc<CliLockfile>>,
   maybe_file_watcher_reporter: Option<FileWatcherReporter>,
-  file_fetcher: Arc<FileFetcher>,
-  global_http_cache: Arc<GlobalHttpCache>,
+  module_info_cache: Arc<ModuleInfoCache>,
+  npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
+  parsed_source_cache: Arc<ParsedSourceCache>,
+  resolver: Arc<CliGraphResolver>,
   root_permissions_container: PermissionsContainer,
 }
 
 impl ModuleGraphBuilder {
   #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
   pub fn new(
-    options: Arc<CliOptions>,
     caches: Arc<cache::Caches>,
-    esm_or_cjs_checker: Arc<EsmOrCjsChecker>,
+    cli_options: Arc<CliOptions>,
+    file_fetcher: Arc<FileFetcher>,
     fs: Arc<dyn FileSystem>,
-    resolver: Arc<CliGraphResolver>,
-    node_resolver: Arc<CliNodeResolver>,
-    npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
-    module_info_cache: Arc<ModuleInfoCache>,
-    parsed_source_cache: Arc<ParsedSourceCache>,
+    global_http_cache: Arc<GlobalHttpCache>,
+    in_npm_pkg_checker: Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>,
     lockfile: Option<Arc<CliLockfile>>,
     maybe_file_watcher_reporter: Option<FileWatcherReporter>,
-    file_fetcher: Arc<FileFetcher>,
-    global_http_cache: Arc<GlobalHttpCache>,
+    module_info_cache: Arc<ModuleInfoCache>,
+    npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
+    parsed_source_cache: Arc<ParsedSourceCache>,
+    resolver: Arc<CliGraphResolver>,
     root_permissions_container: PermissionsContainer,
   ) -> Self {
     Self {
-      options,
       caches,
-      esm_or_cjs_checker,
+      cli_options,
+      file_fetcher,
       fs,
-      resolver,
-      node_resolver,
-      npm_resolver,
-      module_info_cache,
-      parsed_source_cache,
+      global_http_cache,
+      in_npm_pkg_checker,
       lockfile,
       maybe_file_watcher_reporter,
-      file_fetcher,
-      global_http_cache,
+      module_info_cache,
+      npm_resolver,
+      parsed_source_cache,
+      resolver,
       root_permissions_container,
     }
   }
@@ -512,13 +508,11 @@ impl ModuleGraphBuilder {
     }
 
     let maybe_imports = if options.graph_kind.include_types() {
-      self.options.to_compiler_option_types()?
+      self.cli_options.to_compiler_option_types()?
     } else {
       Vec::new()
     };
-    let analyzer = self
-      .module_info_cache
-      .as_module_analyzer(&self.parsed_source_cache);
+    let analyzer = self.module_info_cache.as_module_analyzer();
     let mut loader = match options.loader {
       Some(loader) => MutLoaderRef::Borrowed(loader),
       None => MutLoaderRef::Owned(self.create_graph_loader()),
@@ -566,7 +560,7 @@ impl ModuleGraphBuilder {
     // ensure an "npm install" is done if the user has explicitly
     // opted into using a node_modules directory
     if self
-      .options
+      .cli_options
       .node_modules_dir()?
       .map(|m| m.uses_node_modules_dir())
       .unwrap_or(false)
@@ -677,10 +671,10 @@ impl ModuleGraphBuilder {
 
     graph.build_fast_check_type_graph(
       deno_graph::BuildFastCheckTypeGraphOptions {
-        jsr_url_provider: &CliJsrUrlProvider,
+        es_parser: Some(&parser),
         fast_check_cache: fast_check_cache.as_ref().map(|c| c as _),
         fast_check_dts: false,
-        module_parser: Some(&parser),
+        jsr_url_provider: &CliJsrUrlProvider,
         resolver: Some(graph_resolver),
         npm_resolver: Some(&graph_npm_resolver),
         workspace_fast_check: options.workspace_fast_check,
@@ -699,20 +693,18 @@ impl ModuleGraphBuilder {
     permissions: PermissionsContainer,
   ) -> cache::FetchCacher {
     cache::FetchCacher::new(
-      self.esm_or_cjs_checker.clone(),
       self.file_fetcher.clone(),
+      self.fs.clone(),
       self.global_http_cache.clone(),
-      self.node_resolver.clone(),
-      self.npm_resolver.clone(),
+      self.in_npm_pkg_checker.clone(),
       self.module_info_cache.clone(),
       cache::FetchCacherOptions {
-        file_header_overrides: self.options.resolve_file_header_overrides(),
+        file_header_overrides: self.cli_options.resolve_file_header_overrides(),
         permissions,
         is_deno_publish: matches!(
-          self.options.sub_command(),
+          self.cli_options.sub_command(),
           crate::args::DenoSubcommand::Publish { .. }
         ),
-        unstable_detect_cjs: self.options.unstable_detect_cjs(),
       },
     )
   }
@@ -737,12 +729,12 @@ impl ModuleGraphBuilder {
       &self.fs,
       roots,
       GraphValidOptions {
-        kind: if self.options.type_check_mode().is_true() {
+        kind: if self.cli_options.type_check_mode().is_true() {
           GraphKind::All
         } else {
           GraphKind::CodeOnly
         },
-        check_js: self.options.check_js(),
+        check_js: self.cli_options.check_js(),
         exit_integrity_errors: true,
       },
     )
diff --git a/cli/lsp/analysis.rs b/cli/lsp/analysis.rs
index 39f1ae648..0769c9047 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/analysis.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/analysis.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ use deno_semver::package::PackageReq;
 use deno_semver::package::PackageReqReference;
 use deno_semver::Version;
 use import_map::ImportMap;
-use node_resolver::NpmResolver;
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use regex::Regex;
 use std::borrow::Cow;
@@ -336,7 +335,12 @@ impl<'a> TsResponseImportMapper<'a> {
       .resolver
       .maybe_managed_npm_resolver(Some(&self.file_referrer))
     {
-      if npm_resolver.in_npm_package(specifier) {
+      let in_npm_pkg = self
+        .resolver
+        .maybe_node_resolver(Some(&self.file_referrer))
+        .map(|n| n.in_npm_package(specifier))
+        .unwrap_or(false);
+      if in_npm_pkg {
         if let Ok(Some(pkg_id)) =
           npm_resolver.resolve_pkg_id_from_specifier(specifier)
         {
@@ -1199,14 +1203,11 @@ impl CodeActionCollection {
         }),
       );
 
-      match parsed_source.program_ref() {
-        deno_ast::swc::ast::Program::Module(module) => module
-          .body
-          .iter()
-          .find(|i| i.range().contains(&specifier_range))
-          .map(|i| text_info.line_and_column_index(i.range().start)),
-        deno_ast::swc::ast::Program::Script(_) => None,
-      }
+      parsed_source
+        .program_ref()
+        .body()
+        .find(|i| i.range().contains(&specifier_range))
+        .map(|i| text_info.line_and_column_index(i.range().start))
     }
 
     async fn deno_types_for_npm_action(
diff --git a/cli/lsp/code_lens.rs b/cli/lsp/code_lens.rs
index e117888fb..a57ca3ac9 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/code_lens.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/code_lens.rs
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ pub fn collect_test(
 ) -> Result<Vec<lsp::CodeLens>, AnyError> {
   let mut collector =
     DenoTestCollector::new(specifier.clone(), parsed_source.clone());
-  parsed_source.module().visit_with(&mut collector);
+  parsed_source.program().visit_with(&mut collector);
   Ok(collector.take())
 }
 
@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ mod tests {
     .unwrap();
     let mut collector =
       DenoTestCollector::new(specifier, parsed_module.clone());
-    parsed_module.module().visit_with(&mut collector);
+    parsed_module.program().visit_with(&mut collector);
     assert_eq!(
       collector.take(),
       vec![
diff --git a/cli/lsp/config.rs b/cli/lsp/config.rs
index cac0637a0..34bf64446 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/config.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/config.rs
@@ -985,7 +985,7 @@ impl Config {
       | MediaType::Tsx => Some(&workspace_settings.typescript),
       MediaType::Json
       | MediaType::Wasm
-      | MediaType::TsBuildInfo
+      | MediaType::Css
       | MediaType::SourceMap
       | MediaType::Unknown => None,
     }
diff --git a/cli/lsp/documents.rs b/cli/lsp/documents.rs
index 7d1ca6810..8609aed05 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/documents.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/documents.rs
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ fn get_maybe_test_module_fut(
       parsed_source.specifier().clone(),
       parsed_source.text_info_lazy().clone(),
     );
-    parsed_source.module().visit_with(&mut collector);
+    parsed_source.program().visit_with(&mut collector);
     Arc::new(collector.take())
   })
   .map(Result::ok)
@@ -332,12 +332,8 @@ impl Document {
       .filter(|s| cache.is_valid_file_referrer(s))
       .cloned()
       .or(file_referrer);
-    let media_type = resolve_media_type(
-      &specifier,
-      maybe_headers.as_ref(),
-      maybe_language_id,
-      &resolver,
-    );
+    let media_type =
+      resolve_media_type(&specifier, maybe_headers.as_ref(), maybe_language_id);
     let (maybe_parsed_source, maybe_module) =
       if media_type_is_diagnosable(media_type) {
         parse_and_analyze_module(
@@ -399,7 +395,6 @@ impl Document {
       &self.specifier,
       self.maybe_headers.as_ref(),
       self.maybe_language_id,
-      &resolver,
     );
     let dependencies;
     let maybe_types_dependency;
@@ -764,14 +759,7 @@ fn resolve_media_type(
   specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
   maybe_headers: Option<&HashMap<String, String>>,
   maybe_language_id: Option<LanguageId>,
-  resolver: &LspResolver,
 ) -> MediaType {
-  if resolver.in_node_modules(specifier) {
-    if let Some(media_type) = resolver.node_media_type(specifier) {
-      return media_type;
-    }
-  }
-
   if let Some(language_id) = maybe_language_id {
     return MediaType::from_specifier_and_content_type(
       specifier,
@@ -1561,7 +1549,7 @@ fn parse_source(
   text: Arc<str>,
   media_type: MediaType,
 ) -> ParsedSourceResult {
-  deno_ast::parse_module(deno_ast::ParseParams {
+  deno_ast::parse_program(deno_ast::ParseParams {
     specifier,
     text,
     media_type,
diff --git a/cli/lsp/language_server.rs b/cli/lsp/language_server.rs
index a592245ce..4fa0e3afb 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/language_server.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/language_server.rs
@@ -904,7 +904,7 @@ impl Inner {
             | MediaType::Tsx => {}
             MediaType::Wasm
             | MediaType::SourceMap
-            | MediaType::TsBuildInfo
+            | MediaType::Css
             | MediaType::Unknown => {
               if path.extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) != Some("jsonc") {
                 continue;
diff --git a/cli/lsp/resolver.rs b/cli/lsp/resolver.rs
index 00587f8f5..9ce76005e 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/resolver.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/resolver.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 use dashmap::DashMap;
 use deno_ast::MediaType;
+use deno_ast::ParsedSource;
+use deno_cache_dir::npm::NpmCacheDir;
 use deno_cache_dir::HttpCache;
 use deno_config::workspace::PackageJsonDepResolution;
 use deno_config::workspace::WorkspaceResolver;
@@ -14,15 +16,15 @@ use deno_path_util::url_to_file_path;
 use deno_runtime::deno_fs;
 use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodeResolver;
 use deno_runtime::deno_node::PackageJson;
+use deno_runtime::deno_node::PackageJsonResolver;
 use deno_semver::jsr::JsrPackageReqReference;
 use deno_semver::npm::NpmPackageReqReference;
 use deno_semver::package::PackageNv;
 use deno_semver::package::PackageReq;
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
 use node_resolver::errors::ClosestPkgJsonError;
-use node_resolver::NodeResolution;
+use node_resolver::InNpmPackageChecker;
 use node_resolver::NodeResolutionMode;
-use node_resolver::NpmResolver;
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
@@ -36,6 +38,7 @@ use crate::args::create_default_npmrc;
 use crate::args::CacheSetting;
 use crate::args::CliLockfile;
 use crate::args::NpmInstallDepsProvider;
+use crate::cache::DenoCacheEnvFsAdapter;
 use crate::graph_util::CliJsrUrlProvider;
 use crate::http_util::HttpClientProvider;
 use crate::lsp::config::Config;
@@ -43,26 +46,32 @@ use crate::lsp::config::ConfigData;
 use crate::lsp::logging::lsp_warn;
 use crate::npm::create_cli_npm_resolver_for_lsp;
 use crate::npm::CliByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions;
+use crate::npm::CliManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions;
+use crate::npm::CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolverCreateOptions;
-use crate::npm::CliNpmResolverManagedCreateOptions;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption;
+use crate::npm::CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions;
 use crate::npm::ManagedCliNpmResolver;
-use crate::resolver::CjsResolutionStore;
+use crate::resolver::CjsTracker;
+use crate::resolver::CjsTrackerOptions;
 use crate::resolver::CliDenoResolverFs;
 use crate::resolver::CliGraphResolver;
 use crate::resolver::CliGraphResolverOptions;
 use crate::resolver::CliNodeResolver;
 use crate::resolver::WorkerCliNpmGraphResolver;
+use crate::tsc::into_specifier_and_media_type;
 use crate::util::progress_bar::ProgressBar;
 use crate::util::progress_bar::ProgressBarStyle;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 struct LspScopeResolver {
+  cjs_tracker: Option<Arc<LspCjsTracker>>,
   graph_resolver: Arc<CliGraphResolver>,
   jsr_resolver: Option<Arc<JsrCacheResolver>>,
   npm_resolver: Option<Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>>,
   node_resolver: Option<Arc<CliNodeResolver>>,
+  pkg_json_resolver: Option<Arc<PackageJsonResolver>>,
   redirect_resolver: Option<Arc<RedirectResolver>>,
   graph_imports: Arc<IndexMap<ModuleSpecifier, GraphImport>>,
   config_data: Option<Arc<ConfigData>>,
@@ -71,10 +80,12 @@ struct LspScopeResolver {
 impl Default for LspScopeResolver {
   fn default() -> Self {
     Self {
+      cjs_tracker: None,
       graph_resolver: create_graph_resolver(None, None, None),
       jsr_resolver: None,
       npm_resolver: None,
       node_resolver: None,
+      pkg_json_resolver: None,
       redirect_resolver: None,
       graph_imports: Default::default(),
       config_data: None,
@@ -90,14 +101,35 @@ impl LspScopeResolver {
   ) -> Self {
     let mut npm_resolver = None;
     let mut node_resolver = None;
+    let mut lsp_cjs_tracker = None;
+    let fs = Arc::new(deno_fs::RealFs);
+    let pkg_json_resolver = Arc::new(PackageJsonResolver::new(
+      deno_runtime::deno_node::DenoFsNodeResolverEnv::new(fs.clone()),
+    ));
     if let Some(http_client) = http_client_provider {
       npm_resolver = create_npm_resolver(
         config_data.map(|d| d.as_ref()),
         cache,
         http_client,
+        &pkg_json_resolver,
       )
       .await;
-      node_resolver = create_node_resolver(npm_resolver.as_ref());
+      if let Some(npm_resolver) = &npm_resolver {
+        let in_npm_pkg_checker = create_in_npm_pkg_checker(npm_resolver);
+        let cjs_tracker = create_cjs_tracker(
+          in_npm_pkg_checker.clone(),
+          pkg_json_resolver.clone(),
+        );
+        lsp_cjs_tracker =
+          Some(Arc::new(LspCjsTracker::new(cjs_tracker.clone())));
+        node_resolver = Some(create_node_resolver(
+          cjs_tracker,
+          fs.clone(),
+          in_npm_pkg_checker,
+          npm_resolver,
+          pkg_json_resolver.clone(),
+        ));
+      }
     }
     let graph_resolver = create_graph_resolver(
       config_data.map(|d| d.as_ref()),
@@ -134,10 +166,12 @@ impl LspScopeResolver {
       })
       .unwrap_or_default();
     Self {
+      cjs_tracker: lsp_cjs_tracker,
       graph_resolver,
       jsr_resolver,
       npm_resolver,
       node_resolver,
+      pkg_json_resolver: Some(pkg_json_resolver),
       redirect_resolver,
       graph_imports,
       config_data: config_data.cloned(),
@@ -147,18 +181,40 @@ impl LspScopeResolver {
   fn snapshot(&self) -> Arc<Self> {
     let npm_resolver =
       self.npm_resolver.as_ref().map(|r| r.clone_snapshotted());
-    let node_resolver = create_node_resolver(npm_resolver.as_ref());
+    let fs = Arc::new(deno_fs::RealFs);
+    let pkg_json_resolver = Arc::new(PackageJsonResolver::new(
+      deno_runtime::deno_node::DenoFsNodeResolverEnv::new(fs.clone()),
+    ));
+    let mut node_resolver = None;
+    let mut lsp_cjs_tracker = None;
+    if let Some(npm_resolver) = &npm_resolver {
+      let in_npm_pkg_checker = create_in_npm_pkg_checker(npm_resolver);
+      let cjs_tracker = create_cjs_tracker(
+        in_npm_pkg_checker.clone(),
+        pkg_json_resolver.clone(),
+      );
+      lsp_cjs_tracker = Some(Arc::new(LspCjsTracker::new(cjs_tracker.clone())));
+      node_resolver = Some(create_node_resolver(
+        cjs_tracker,
+        fs,
+        in_npm_pkg_checker,
+        npm_resolver,
+        pkg_json_resolver.clone(),
+      ));
+    }
     let graph_resolver = create_graph_resolver(
       self.config_data.as_deref(),
       npm_resolver.as_ref(),
       node_resolver.as_ref(),
     );
     Arc::new(Self {
+      cjs_tracker: lsp_cjs_tracker,
       graph_resolver,
       jsr_resolver: self.jsr_resolver.clone(),
       npm_resolver,
       node_resolver,
       redirect_resolver: self.redirect_resolver.clone(),
+      pkg_json_resolver: Some(pkg_json_resolver),
       graph_imports: self.graph_imports.clone(),
       config_data: self.config_data.clone(),
     })
@@ -261,6 +317,22 @@ impl LspResolver {
     resolver.graph_resolver.create_graph_npm_resolver()
   }
 
+  pub fn maybe_cjs_tracker(
+    &self,
+    file_referrer: Option<&ModuleSpecifier>,
+  ) -> Option<&Arc<LspCjsTracker>> {
+    let resolver = self.get_scope_resolver(file_referrer);
+    resolver.cjs_tracker.as_ref()
+  }
+
+  pub fn maybe_node_resolver(
+    &self,
+    file_referrer: Option<&ModuleSpecifier>,
+  ) -> Option<&Arc<CliNodeResolver>> {
+    let resolver = self.get_scope_resolver(file_referrer);
+    resolver.node_resolver.as_ref()
+  }
+
   pub fn maybe_managed_npm_resolver(
     &self,
     file_referrer: Option<&ModuleSpecifier>,
@@ -328,7 +400,7 @@ impl LspResolver {
   ) -> Option<(ModuleSpecifier, MediaType)> {
     let resolver = self.get_scope_resolver(file_referrer);
     let node_resolver = resolver.node_resolver.as_ref()?;
-    Some(NodeResolution::into_specifier_and_media_type(Some(
+    Some(into_specifier_and_media_type(Some(
       node_resolver
         .resolve_req_reference(req_ref, referrer, NodeResolutionMode::Types)
         .ok()?,
@@ -346,14 +418,10 @@ impl LspResolver {
           .contains("/node_modules/")
     }
 
-    let global_npm_resolver = self
-      .get_scope_resolver(Some(specifier))
-      .npm_resolver
-      .as_ref()
-      .and_then(|npm_resolver| npm_resolver.as_managed())
-      .filter(|r| r.root_node_modules_path().is_none());
-    if let Some(npm_resolver) = &global_npm_resolver {
-      if npm_resolver.in_npm_package(specifier) {
+    if let Some(node_resolver) =
+      &self.get_scope_resolver(Some(specifier)).node_resolver
+    {
+      if node_resolver.in_npm_package(specifier) {
         return true;
       }
     }
@@ -361,18 +429,6 @@ impl LspResolver {
     has_node_modules_dir(specifier)
   }
 
-  pub fn node_media_type(
-    &self,
-    specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
-  ) -> Option<MediaType> {
-    let resolver = self.get_scope_resolver(Some(specifier));
-    let node_resolver = resolver.node_resolver.as_ref()?;
-    let resolution = node_resolver
-      .url_to_node_resolution(specifier.clone())
-      .ok()?;
-    Some(NodeResolution::into_specifier_and_media_type(Some(resolution)).1)
-  }
-
   pub fn is_bare_package_json_dep(
     &self,
     specifier_text: &str,
@@ -398,10 +454,10 @@ impl LspResolver {
     referrer: &ModuleSpecifier,
   ) -> Result<Option<Arc<PackageJson>>, ClosestPkgJsonError> {
     let resolver = self.get_scope_resolver(Some(referrer));
-    let Some(node_resolver) = resolver.node_resolver.as_ref() else {
+    let Some(pkg_json_resolver) = resolver.pkg_json_resolver.as_ref() else {
       return Ok(None);
     };
-    node_resolver.get_closest_package_json(referrer)
+    pkg_json_resolver.get_closest_package_json(referrer)
   }
 
   pub fn resolve_redirects(
@@ -457,11 +513,13 @@ async fn create_npm_resolver(
   config_data: Option<&ConfigData>,
   cache: &LspCache,
   http_client_provider: &Arc<HttpClientProvider>,
+  pkg_json_resolver: &Arc<PackageJsonResolver>,
 ) -> Option<Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>> {
   let enable_byonm = config_data.map(|d| d.byonm).unwrap_or(false);
   let options = if enable_byonm {
     CliNpmResolverCreateOptions::Byonm(CliByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions {
       fs: CliDenoResolverFs(Arc::new(deno_fs::RealFs)),
+      pkg_json_resolver: pkg_json_resolver.clone(),
       root_node_modules_dir: config_data.and_then(|config_data| {
         config_data.node_modules_dir.clone().or_else(|| {
           url_to_file_path(&config_data.scope)
@@ -471,7 +529,15 @@ async fn create_npm_resolver(
       }),
     })
   } else {
-    CliNpmResolverCreateOptions::Managed(CliNpmResolverManagedCreateOptions {
+    let npmrc = config_data
+      .and_then(|d| d.npmrc.clone())
+      .unwrap_or_else(create_default_npmrc);
+    let npm_cache_dir = Arc::new(NpmCacheDir::new(
+      &DenoCacheEnvFsAdapter(&deno_fs::RealFs),
+      cache.deno_dir().npm_folder_path(),
+      npmrc.get_all_known_registries_urls(),
+    ));
+    CliNpmResolverCreateOptions::Managed(CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions {
       http_client_provider: http_client_provider.clone(),
       snapshot: match config_data.and_then(|d| d.lockfile.as_ref()) {
         Some(lockfile) => {
@@ -485,7 +551,7 @@ async fn create_npm_resolver(
       // updating it. Only the cache request should update the lockfile.
       maybe_lockfile: None,
       fs: Arc::new(deno_fs::RealFs),
-      npm_global_cache_dir: cache.deno_dir().npm_folder_path(),
+      npm_cache_dir,
       // Use an "only" cache setting in order to make the
       // user do an explicit "cache" command and prevent
       // the cache from being filled with lots of packages while
@@ -496,9 +562,7 @@ async fn create_npm_resolver(
         .and_then(|d| d.node_modules_dir.clone()),
       // only used for top level install, so we can ignore this
       npm_install_deps_provider: Arc::new(NpmInstallDepsProvider::empty()),
-      npmrc: config_data
-        .and_then(|d| d.npmrc.clone())
-        .unwrap_or_else(create_default_npmrc),
+      npmrc,
       npm_system_info: NpmSystemInfo::default(),
       lifecycle_scripts: Default::default(),
     })
@@ -506,28 +570,59 @@ async fn create_npm_resolver(
   Some(create_cli_npm_resolver_for_lsp(options).await)
 }
 
-fn create_node_resolver(
-  npm_resolver: Option<&Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>>,
-) -> Option<Arc<CliNodeResolver>> {
-  use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
+fn create_cjs_tracker(
+  in_npm_pkg_checker: Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>,
+  pkg_json_resolver: Arc<PackageJsonResolver>,
+) -> Arc<CjsTracker> {
+  Arc::new(CjsTracker::new(
+    in_npm_pkg_checker,
+    pkg_json_resolver,
+    CjsTrackerOptions {
+      // todo(dsherret): support in the lsp by stabilizing the feature
+      // so that we don't have to pipe the config in here
+      unstable_detect_cjs: false,
+    },
+  ))
+}
 
-  // it's not ideal to share this across all scopes and to
-  // never clear it, but it's fine for the time being
-  static CJS_RESOLUTIONS: Lazy<Arc<CjsResolutionStore>> =
-    Lazy::new(Default::default);
+fn create_in_npm_pkg_checker(
+  npm_resolver: &Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
+) -> Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker> {
+  crate::npm::create_in_npm_pkg_checker(match npm_resolver.as_inner() {
+    crate::npm::InnerCliNpmResolverRef::Byonm(_) => {
+      CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions::Byonm
+    }
+    crate::npm::InnerCliNpmResolverRef::Managed(m) => {
+      CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions::Managed(
+        CliManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions {
+          root_cache_dir_url: m.global_cache_root_url(),
+          maybe_node_modules_path: m.maybe_node_modules_path(),
+        },
+      )
+    }
+  })
+}
 
-  let npm_resolver = npm_resolver?;
-  let fs = Arc::new(deno_fs::RealFs);
+fn create_node_resolver(
+  cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
+  fs: Arc<dyn deno_fs::FileSystem>,
+  in_npm_pkg_checker: Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>,
+  npm_resolver: &Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
+  pkg_json_resolver: Arc<PackageJsonResolver>,
+) -> Arc<CliNodeResolver> {
   let node_resolver_inner = Arc::new(NodeResolver::new(
     deno_runtime::deno_node::DenoFsNodeResolverEnv::new(fs.clone()),
+    in_npm_pkg_checker.clone(),
     npm_resolver.clone().into_npm_resolver(),
+    pkg_json_resolver.clone(),
   ));
-  Some(Arc::new(CliNodeResolver::new(
-    CJS_RESOLUTIONS.clone(),
+  Arc::new(CliNodeResolver::new(
+    cjs_tracker.clone(),
     fs,
+    in_npm_pkg_checker,
     node_resolver_inner,
     npm_resolver.clone(),
-  )))
+  ))
 }
 
 fn create_graph_resolver(
@@ -702,6 +797,45 @@ impl RedirectResolver {
   }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct LspCjsTracker {
+  cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
+}
+
+impl LspCjsTracker {
+  pub fn new(cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>) -> Self {
+    Self { cjs_tracker }
+  }
+
+  pub fn is_cjs(
+    &self,
+    specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
+    media_type: MediaType,
+    maybe_parsed_source: Option<&ParsedSource>,
+  ) -> bool {
+    if let Some(module_kind) =
+      self.cjs_tracker.get_known_kind(specifier, media_type)
+    {
+      module_kind.is_cjs()
+    } else {
+      let maybe_is_script = maybe_parsed_source.map(|p| p.compute_is_script());
+      maybe_is_script
+        .and_then(|is_script| {
+          self
+            .cjs_tracker
+            .is_cjs_with_known_is_script(specifier, media_type, is_script)
+            .ok()
+        })
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+          self
+            .cjs_tracker
+            .is_maybe_cjs(specifier, media_type)
+            .unwrap_or(false)
+        })
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
   use super::*;
diff --git a/cli/lsp/testing/collectors.rs b/cli/lsp/testing/collectors.rs
index 2f2ddb877..2dd7ec0d9 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/testing/collectors.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/testing/collectors.rs
@@ -650,7 +650,7 @@ pub mod tests {
     .unwrap();
     let text_info = parsed_module.text_info_lazy().clone();
     let mut collector = TestCollector::new(specifier, text_info);
-    parsed_module.module().visit_with(&mut collector);
+    parsed_module.program().visit_with(&mut collector);
     collector.take()
   }
 
diff --git a/cli/lsp/tsc.rs b/cli/lsp/tsc.rs
index 0f31d7dd3..5fcdb3575 100644
--- a/cli/lsp/tsc.rs
+++ b/cli/lsp/tsc.rs
@@ -4362,14 +4362,25 @@ fn op_load<'s>(
       None
     } else {
       let asset_or_document = state.get_asset_or_document(&specifier);
-      asset_or_document.map(|doc| LoadResponse {
-        data: doc.text(),
-        script_kind: crate::tsc::as_ts_script_kind(doc.media_type()),
-        version: state.script_version(&specifier),
-        is_cjs: matches!(
-          doc.media_type(),
-          MediaType::Cjs | MediaType::Cts | MediaType::Dcts
-        ),
+      asset_or_document.map(|doc| {
+        let maybe_cjs_tracker = state
+          .state_snapshot
+          .resolver
+          .maybe_cjs_tracker(Some(&specifier));
+        LoadResponse {
+          data: doc.text(),
+          script_kind: crate::tsc::as_ts_script_kind(doc.media_type()),
+          version: state.script_version(&specifier),
+          is_cjs: maybe_cjs_tracker
+            .map(|t| {
+              t.is_cjs(
+                &specifier,
+                doc.media_type(),
+                doc.maybe_parsed_source().and_then(|p| p.as_ref().ok()),
+              )
+            })
+            .unwrap_or(false),
+        }
       })
     };
 
diff --git a/cli/main.rs b/cli/main.rs
index c2639c908..04daff670 100644
--- a/cli/main.rs
+++ b/cli/main.rs
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ async fn run_subcommand(flags: Arc<Flags>) -> Result<i32, AnyError> {
       tools::compile::compile(flags, compile_flags).await
     }),
     DenoSubcommand::Coverage(coverage_flags) => spawn_subcommand(async {
-      tools::coverage::cover_files(flags, coverage_flags).await
+      tools::coverage::cover_files(flags, coverage_flags)
     }),
     DenoSubcommand::Fmt(fmt_flags) => {
       spawn_subcommand(
diff --git a/cli/module_loader.rs b/cli/module_loader.rs
index 4a020516e..43c9e1aa0 100644
--- a/cli/module_loader.rs
+++ b/cli/module_loader.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::path::Path;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::pin::Pin;
 use std::rc::Rc;
@@ -23,19 +24,23 @@ use crate::graph_container::ModuleGraphUpdatePermit;
 use crate::graph_util::CreateGraphOptions;
 use crate::graph_util::ModuleGraphBuilder;
 use crate::node;
+use crate::node::CliNodeCodeTranslator;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
+use crate::resolver::CjsTracker;
 use crate::resolver::CliGraphResolver;
 use crate::resolver::CliNodeResolver;
 use crate::resolver::ModuleCodeStringSource;
+use crate::resolver::NotSupportedKindInNpmError;
 use crate::resolver::NpmModuleLoader;
 use crate::tools::check;
 use crate::tools::check::TypeChecker;
 use crate::util::progress_bar::ProgressBar;
 use crate::util::text_encoding::code_without_source_map;
 use crate::util::text_encoding::source_map_from_code;
-use crate::worker::ModuleLoaderAndSourceMapGetter;
+use crate::worker::CreateModuleLoaderResult;
 use crate::worker::ModuleLoaderFactory;
 use deno_ast::MediaType;
+use deno_ast::ModuleKind;
 use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
 use deno_core::anyhow::bail;
 use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
@@ -63,9 +68,12 @@ use deno_graph::Module;
 use deno_graph::ModuleGraph;
 use deno_graph::Resolution;
 use deno_runtime::code_cache;
+use deno_runtime::deno_fs::FileSystem;
 use deno_runtime::deno_node::create_host_defined_options;
+use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodeRequireLoader;
 use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
 use deno_semver::npm::NpmPackageReqReference;
+use node_resolver::InNpmPackageChecker;
 use node_resolver::NodeResolutionMode;
 
 pub struct ModuleLoadPreparer {
@@ -198,11 +206,16 @@ struct SharedCliModuleLoaderState {
   lib_worker: TsTypeLib,
   initial_cwd: PathBuf,
   is_inspecting: bool,
+  is_npm_main: bool,
   is_repl: bool,
+  cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
   code_cache: Option<Arc<CodeCache>>,
   emitter: Arc<Emitter>,
+  fs: Arc<dyn FileSystem>,
+  in_npm_pkg_checker: Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>,
   main_module_graph_container: Arc<MainModuleGraphContainer>,
   module_load_preparer: Arc<ModuleLoadPreparer>,
+  node_code_translator: Arc<CliNodeCodeTranslator>,
   node_resolver: Arc<CliNodeResolver>,
   npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
   npm_module_loader: NpmModuleLoader,
@@ -218,10 +231,14 @@ impl CliModuleLoaderFactory {
   #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
   pub fn new(
     options: &CliOptions,
+    cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
     code_cache: Option<Arc<CodeCache>>,
     emitter: Arc<Emitter>,
+    fs: Arc<dyn FileSystem>,
+    in_npm_pkg_checker: Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>,
     main_module_graph_container: Arc<MainModuleGraphContainer>,
     module_load_preparer: Arc<ModuleLoadPreparer>,
+    node_code_translator: Arc<CliNodeCodeTranslator>,
     node_resolver: Arc<CliNodeResolver>,
     npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
     npm_module_loader: NpmModuleLoader,
@@ -235,14 +252,19 @@ impl CliModuleLoaderFactory {
         lib_worker: options.ts_type_lib_worker(),
         initial_cwd: options.initial_cwd().to_path_buf(),
         is_inspecting: options.is_inspecting(),
+        is_npm_main: options.is_npm_main(),
         is_repl: matches!(
           options.sub_command(),
           DenoSubcommand::Repl(_) | DenoSubcommand::Jupyter(_)
         ),
+        cjs_tracker,
         code_cache,
         emitter,
+        fs,
+        in_npm_pkg_checker,
         main_module_graph_container,
         module_load_preparer,
+        node_code_translator,
         node_resolver,
         npm_resolver,
         npm_module_loader,
@@ -259,19 +281,30 @@ impl CliModuleLoaderFactory {
     is_worker: bool,
     parent_permissions: PermissionsContainer,
     permissions: PermissionsContainer,
-  ) -> ModuleLoaderAndSourceMapGetter {
-    let loader = Rc::new(CliModuleLoader(Rc::new(CliModuleLoaderInner {
-      lib,
-      is_worker,
-      parent_permissions,
-      permissions,
+  ) -> CreateModuleLoaderResult {
+    let module_loader =
+      Rc::new(CliModuleLoader(Rc::new(CliModuleLoaderInner {
+        lib,
+        is_worker,
+        is_npm_main: self.shared.is_npm_main,
+        parent_permissions,
+        permissions,
+        graph_container: graph_container.clone(),
+        node_code_translator: self.shared.node_code_translator.clone(),
+        emitter: self.shared.emitter.clone(),
+        parsed_source_cache: self.shared.parsed_source_cache.clone(),
+        shared: self.shared.clone(),
+      })));
+    let node_require_loader = Rc::new(CliNodeRequireLoader::new(
+      self.shared.emitter.clone(),
+      self.shared.fs.clone(),
       graph_container,
-      emitter: self.shared.emitter.clone(),
-      parsed_source_cache: self.shared.parsed_source_cache.clone(),
-      shared: self.shared.clone(),
-    })));
-    ModuleLoaderAndSourceMapGetter {
-      module_loader: loader,
+      self.shared.in_npm_pkg_checker.clone(),
+      self.shared.npm_resolver.clone(),
+    ));
+    CreateModuleLoaderResult {
+      module_loader,
+      node_require_loader,
     }
   }
 }
@@ -280,7 +313,7 @@ impl ModuleLoaderFactory for CliModuleLoaderFactory {
   fn create_for_main(
     &self,
     root_permissions: PermissionsContainer,
-  ) -> ModuleLoaderAndSourceMapGetter {
+  ) -> CreateModuleLoaderResult {
     self.create_with_lib(
       (*self.shared.main_module_graph_container).clone(),
       self.shared.lib_window,
@@ -294,7 +327,7 @@ impl ModuleLoaderFactory for CliModuleLoaderFactory {
     &self,
     parent_permissions: PermissionsContainer,
     permissions: PermissionsContainer,
-  ) -> ModuleLoaderAndSourceMapGetter {
+  ) -> CreateModuleLoaderResult {
     self.create_with_lib(
       // create a fresh module graph for the worker
       WorkerModuleGraphContainer::new(Arc::new(ModuleGraph::new(
@@ -310,6 +343,7 @@ impl ModuleLoaderFactory for CliModuleLoaderFactory {
 
 struct CliModuleLoaderInner<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer> {
   lib: TsTypeLib,
+  is_npm_main: bool,
   is_worker: bool,
   /// The initial set of permissions used to resolve the static imports in the
   /// worker. These are "allow all" for main worker, and parent thread
@@ -318,6 +352,7 @@ struct CliModuleLoaderInner<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer> {
   permissions: PermissionsContainer,
   shared: Arc<SharedCliModuleLoaderState>,
   emitter: Arc<Emitter>,
+  node_code_translator: Arc<CliNodeCodeTranslator>,
   parsed_source_cache: Arc<ParsedSourceCache>,
   graph_container: TGraphContainer,
 }
@@ -331,24 +366,7 @@ impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer>
     maybe_referrer: Option<&ModuleSpecifier>,
     requested_module_type: RequestedModuleType,
   ) -> Result<ModuleSource, AnyError> {
-    let code_source = match self.load_prepared_module(specifier).await? {
-      Some(code_source) => code_source,
-      None => {
-        if self.shared.npm_module_loader.if_in_npm_package(specifier) {
-          self
-            .shared
-            .npm_module_loader
-            .load(specifier, maybe_referrer)
-            .await?
-        } else {
-          let mut msg = format!("Loading unprepared module: {specifier}");
-          if let Some(referrer) = maybe_referrer {
-            msg = format!("{}, imported from: {}", msg, referrer.as_str());
-          }
-          return Err(anyhow!(msg));
-        }
-      }
-    };
+    let code_source = self.load_code_source(specifier, maybe_referrer).await?;
     let code = if self.shared.is_inspecting {
       // we need the code with the source map in order for
       // it to work with --inspect or --inspect-brk
@@ -402,6 +420,29 @@ impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer>
     ))
   }
 
+  async fn load_code_source(
+    &self,
+    specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
+    maybe_referrer: Option<&ModuleSpecifier>,
+  ) -> Result<ModuleCodeStringSource, AnyError> {
+    if let Some(code_source) = self.load_prepared_module(specifier).await? {
+      return Ok(code_source);
+    }
+    if self.shared.node_resolver.in_npm_package(specifier) {
+      return self
+        .shared
+        .npm_module_loader
+        .load(specifier, maybe_referrer)
+        .await;
+    }
+
+    let mut msg = format!("Loading unprepared module: {specifier}");
+    if let Some(referrer) = maybe_referrer {
+      msg = format!("{}, imported from: {}", msg, referrer.as_str());
+    }
+    Err(anyhow!(msg))
+  }
+
   fn resolve_referrer(
     &self,
     referrer: &str,
@@ -474,15 +515,11 @@ impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer>
     if self.shared.is_repl {
       if let Ok(reference) = NpmPackageReqReference::from_specifier(&specifier)
       {
-        return self
-          .shared
-          .node_resolver
-          .resolve_req_reference(
-            &reference,
-            referrer,
-            NodeResolutionMode::Execution,
-          )
-          .map(|res| res.into_url());
+        return self.shared.node_resolver.resolve_req_reference(
+          &reference,
+          referrer,
+          NodeResolutionMode::Execution,
+        );
       }
     }
 
@@ -506,13 +543,15 @@ impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer>
           .with_context(|| {
             format!("Could not resolve '{}'.", module.nv_reference)
           })?
-          .into_url()
       }
       Some(Module::Node(module)) => module.specifier.clone(),
       Some(Module::Js(module)) => module.specifier.clone(),
       Some(Module::Json(module)) => module.specifier.clone(),
       Some(Module::External(module)) => {
-        node::resolve_specifier_into_node_modules(&module.specifier)
+        node::resolve_specifier_into_node_modules(
+          &module.specifier,
+          self.shared.fs.as_ref(),
+        )
       }
       None => specifier.into_owned(),
     };
@@ -534,7 +573,7 @@ impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer>
       }) => {
         let transpile_result = self
           .emitter
-          .emit_parsed_source(specifier, media_type, source)
+          .emit_parsed_source(specifier, media_type, ModuleKind::Esm, source)
           .await?;
 
         // at this point, we no longer need the parsed source in memory, so free it
@@ -547,11 +586,19 @@ impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer>
           media_type,
         }))
       }
+      Some(CodeOrDeferredEmit::Cjs {
+        specifier,
+        media_type,
+        source,
+      }) => self
+        .load_maybe_cjs(specifier, media_type, source)
+        .await
+        .map(Some),
       None => Ok(None),
     }
   }
 
-  fn load_prepared_module_sync(
+  fn load_prepared_module_for_source_map_sync(
     &self,
     specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
   ) -> Result<Option<ModuleCodeStringSource>, AnyError> {
@@ -564,9 +611,12 @@ impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer>
         media_type,
         source,
       }) => {
-        let transpile_result = self
-          .emitter
-          .emit_parsed_source_sync(specifier, media_type, source)?;
+        let transpile_result = self.emitter.emit_parsed_source_sync(
+          specifier,
+          media_type,
+          ModuleKind::Esm,
+          source,
+        )?;
 
         // at this point, we no longer need the parsed source in memory, so free it
         self.parsed_source_cache.free(specifier);
@@ -578,6 +628,14 @@ impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer>
           media_type,
         }))
       }
+      Some(CodeOrDeferredEmit::Cjs { .. }) => {
+        self.parsed_source_cache.free(specifier);
+
+        // todo(dsherret): to make this work, we should probably just
+        // rely on the CJS export cache. At the moment this is hard because
+        // cjs export analysis is only async
+        Ok(None)
+      }
       None => Ok(None),
     }
   }
@@ -607,20 +665,40 @@ impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer>
         source,
         media_type,
         specifier,
+        is_script,
         ..
       })) => {
+        // todo(dsherret): revert in https://github.com/denoland/deno/pull/26439
+        if self.is_npm_main && *is_script
+          || self.shared.cjs_tracker.is_cjs_with_known_is_script(
+            specifier,
+            *media_type,
+            *is_script,
+          )?
+        {
+          return Ok(Some(CodeOrDeferredEmit::Cjs {
+            specifier,
+            media_type: *media_type,
+            source,
+          }));
+        }
         let code: ModuleCodeString = match media_type {
           MediaType::JavaScript
           | MediaType::Unknown
-          | MediaType::Cjs
           | MediaType::Mjs
           | MediaType::Json => source.clone().into(),
           MediaType::Dts | MediaType::Dcts | MediaType::Dmts => {
             Default::default()
           }
+          MediaType::Cjs | MediaType::Cts => {
+            return Ok(Some(CodeOrDeferredEmit::Cjs {
+              specifier,
+              media_type: *media_type,
+              source,
+            }));
+          }
           MediaType::TypeScript
           | MediaType::Mts
-          | MediaType::Cts
           | MediaType::Jsx
           | MediaType::Tsx => {
             return Ok(Some(CodeOrDeferredEmit::DeferredEmit {
@@ -629,7 +707,7 @@ impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer>
               source,
             }));
           }
-          MediaType::TsBuildInfo | MediaType::Wasm | MediaType::SourceMap => {
+          MediaType::Css | MediaType::Wasm | MediaType::SourceMap => {
             panic!("Unexpected media type {media_type} for {specifier}")
           }
         };
@@ -651,6 +729,48 @@ impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer>
       | None => Ok(None),
     }
   }
+
+  async fn load_maybe_cjs(
+    &self,
+    specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
+    media_type: MediaType,
+    original_source: &Arc<str>,
+  ) -> Result<ModuleCodeStringSource, AnyError> {
+    let js_source = if media_type.is_emittable() {
+      Cow::Owned(
+        self
+          .emitter
+          .emit_parsed_source(
+            specifier,
+            media_type,
+            ModuleKind::Cjs,
+            original_source,
+          )
+          .await?,
+      )
+    } else {
+      Cow::Borrowed(original_source.as_ref())
+    };
+    let text = self
+      .node_code_translator
+      .translate_cjs_to_esm(specifier, Some(js_source))
+      .await?;
+    // at this point, we no longer need the parsed source in memory, so free it
+    self.parsed_source_cache.free(specifier);
+    Ok(ModuleCodeStringSource {
+      code: match text {
+        // perf: if the text is borrowed, that means it didn't make any changes
+        // to the original source, so we can just provide that instead of cloning
+        // the borrowed text
+        Cow::Borrowed(_) => {
+          ModuleSourceCode::String(original_source.clone().into())
+        }
+        Cow::Owned(text) => ModuleSourceCode::String(text.into()),
+      },
+      found_url: specifier.clone(),
+      media_type,
+    })
+  }
 }
 
 enum CodeOrDeferredEmit<'a> {
@@ -660,6 +780,11 @@ enum CodeOrDeferredEmit<'a> {
     media_type: MediaType,
     source: &'a Arc<str>,
   },
+  Cjs {
+    specifier: &'a ModuleSpecifier,
+    media_type: MediaType,
+    source: &'a Arc<str>,
+  },
 }
 
 // todo(dsherret): this double Rc boxing is not ideal
@@ -821,7 +946,10 @@ impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer> ModuleLoader
       "wasm" | "file" | "http" | "https" | "data" | "blob" => (),
       _ => return None,
     }
-    let source = self.0.load_prepared_module_sync(&specifier).ok()??;
+    let source = self
+      .0
+      .load_prepared_module_for_source_map_sync(&specifier)
+      .ok()??;
     source_map_from_code(source.code.as_bytes())
   }
 
@@ -900,3 +1028,79 @@ impl ModuleGraphUpdatePermit for WorkerModuleGraphUpdatePermit {
     drop(self.permit); // explicit drop for clarity
   }
 }
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct CliNodeRequireLoader<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer> {
+  emitter: Arc<Emitter>,
+  fs: Arc<dyn FileSystem>,
+  graph_container: TGraphContainer,
+  in_npm_pkg_checker: Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>,
+  npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
+}
+
+impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer>
+  CliNodeRequireLoader<TGraphContainer>
+{
+  pub fn new(
+    emitter: Arc<Emitter>,
+    fs: Arc<dyn FileSystem>,
+    graph_container: TGraphContainer,
+    in_npm_pkg_checker: Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>,
+    npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
+  ) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      emitter,
+      fs,
+      graph_container,
+      in_npm_pkg_checker,
+      npm_resolver,
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+impl<TGraphContainer: ModuleGraphContainer> NodeRequireLoader
+  for CliNodeRequireLoader<TGraphContainer>
+{
+  fn ensure_read_permission<'a>(
+    &self,
+    permissions: &mut dyn deno_runtime::deno_node::NodePermissions,
+    path: &'a Path,
+  ) -> Result<std::borrow::Cow<'a, Path>, AnyError> {
+    if let Ok(url) = deno_path_util::url_from_file_path(path) {
+      // allow reading if it's in the module graph
+      if self.graph_container.graph().get(&url).is_some() {
+        return Ok(std::borrow::Cow::Borrowed(path));
+      }
+    }
+    self.npm_resolver.ensure_read_permission(permissions, path)
+  }
+
+  fn load_text_file_lossy(&self, path: &Path) -> Result<String, AnyError> {
+    // todo(dsherret): use the preloaded module from the graph if available?
+    let media_type = MediaType::from_path(path);
+    let text = self.fs.read_text_file_lossy_sync(path, None)?;
+    if media_type.is_emittable() {
+      let specifier = deno_path_util::url_from_file_path(path)?;
+      if self.in_npm_pkg_checker.in_npm_package(&specifier) {
+        return Err(
+          NotSupportedKindInNpmError {
+            media_type,
+            specifier,
+          }
+          .into(),
+        );
+      }
+      self.emitter.emit_parsed_source_sync(
+        &specifier,
+        media_type,
+        // this is probably not super accurate due to require esm, but probably ok.
+        // If we find this causes a lot of churn in the emit cache then we should
+        // investigate how we can make this better
+        ModuleKind::Cjs,
+        &text.into(),
+      )
+    } else {
+      Ok(text)
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/cli/node.rs b/cli/node.rs
index 733d5f871..1d410a726 100644
--- a/cli/node.rs
+++ b/cli/node.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 // Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
+use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use deno_ast::MediaType;
 use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_graph::ParsedSourceStore;
+use deno_path_util::url_from_file_path;
+use deno_path_util::url_to_file_path;
 use deno_runtime::deno_fs;
 use deno_runtime::deno_node::DenoFsNodeResolverEnv;
 use node_resolver::analyze::CjsAnalysis as ExtNodeCjsAnalysis;
@@ -18,8 +21,8 @@ use serde::Serialize;
 use crate::cache::CacheDBHash;
 use crate::cache::NodeAnalysisCache;
 use crate::cache::ParsedSourceCache;
-use crate::resolver::CliNodeResolver;
-use crate::util::fs::canonicalize_path_maybe_not_exists;
+use crate::resolver::CjsTracker;
+use crate::util::fs::canonicalize_path_maybe_not_exists_with_fs;
 
 pub type CliNodeCodeTranslator =
   NodeCodeTranslator<CliCjsCodeAnalyzer, DenoFsNodeResolverEnv>;
@@ -32,14 +35,14 @@ pub type CliNodeCodeTranslator =
 /// because the node_modules folder might not exist at that time.
 pub fn resolve_specifier_into_node_modules(
   specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
+  fs: &dyn deno_fs::FileSystem,
 ) -> ModuleSpecifier {
-  specifier
-    .to_file_path()
+  url_to_file_path(specifier)
     .ok()
     // this path might not exist at the time the graph is being created
     // because the node_modules folder might not yet exist
-    .and_then(|path| canonicalize_path_maybe_not_exists(&path).ok())
-    .and_then(|path| ModuleSpecifier::from_file_path(path).ok())
+    .and_then(|path| canonicalize_path_maybe_not_exists_with_fs(&path, fs).ok())
+    .and_then(|path| url_from_file_path(&path).ok())
     .unwrap_or_else(|| specifier.clone())
 }
 
@@ -56,23 +59,29 @@ pub enum CliCjsAnalysis {
 
 pub struct CliCjsCodeAnalyzer {
   cache: NodeAnalysisCache,
+  cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
   fs: deno_fs::FileSystemRc,
-  node_resolver: Arc<CliNodeResolver>,
   parsed_source_cache: Option<Arc<ParsedSourceCache>>,
+  // todo(dsherret): hack, remove in https://github.com/denoland/deno/pull/26439
+  // For example, this does not properly handle if cjs analysis was already done
+  // and has been cached.
+  is_npm_main: bool,
 }
 
 impl CliCjsCodeAnalyzer {
   pub fn new(
     cache: NodeAnalysisCache,
+    cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
     fs: deno_fs::FileSystemRc,
-    node_resolver: Arc<CliNodeResolver>,
     parsed_source_cache: Option<Arc<ParsedSourceCache>>,
+    is_npm_main: bool,
   ) -> Self {
     Self {
       cache,
+      cjs_tracker,
       fs,
-      node_resolver,
       parsed_source_cache,
+      is_npm_main,
     }
   }
 
@@ -88,7 +97,7 @@ impl CliCjsCodeAnalyzer {
       return Ok(analysis);
     }
 
-    let mut media_type = MediaType::from_specifier(specifier);
+    let media_type = MediaType::from_specifier(specifier);
     if media_type == MediaType::Json {
       return Ok(CliCjsAnalysis::Cjs {
         exports: vec![],
@@ -96,62 +105,53 @@ impl CliCjsCodeAnalyzer {
       });
     }
 
-    if media_type == MediaType::JavaScript {
-      if let Some(package_json) =
-        self.node_resolver.get_closest_package_json(specifier)?
-      {
-        match package_json.typ.as_str() {
-          "commonjs" => {
-            media_type = MediaType::Cjs;
-          }
-          "module" => {
-            media_type = MediaType::Mjs;
-          }
-          _ => {}
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    let maybe_parsed_source = self
-      .parsed_source_cache
-      .as_ref()
-      .and_then(|c| c.remove_parsed_source(specifier));
-
-    let analysis = deno_core::unsync::spawn_blocking({
-      let specifier = specifier.clone();
-      let source: Arc<str> = source.into();
-      move || -> Result<_, deno_ast::ParseDiagnostic> {
-        let parsed_source =
-          maybe_parsed_source.map(Ok).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-            deno_ast::parse_program(deno_ast::ParseParams {
-              specifier,
-              text: source,
-              media_type,
-              capture_tokens: true,
-              scope_analysis: false,
-              maybe_syntax: None,
+    let cjs_tracker = self.cjs_tracker.clone();
+    let is_npm_main = self.is_npm_main;
+    let is_maybe_cjs =
+      cjs_tracker.is_maybe_cjs(specifier, media_type)? || is_npm_main;
+    let analysis = if is_maybe_cjs {
+      let maybe_parsed_source = self
+        .parsed_source_cache
+        .as_ref()
+        .and_then(|c| c.remove_parsed_source(specifier));
+
+      deno_core::unsync::spawn_blocking({
+        let specifier = specifier.clone();
+        let source: Arc<str> = source.into();
+        move || -> Result<_, AnyError> {
+          let parsed_source =
+            maybe_parsed_source.map(Ok).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+              deno_ast::parse_program(deno_ast::ParseParams {
+                specifier,
+                text: source,
+                media_type,
+                capture_tokens: true,
+                scope_analysis: false,
+                maybe_syntax: None,
+              })
+            })?;
+          let is_script = parsed_source.compute_is_script();
+          let is_cjs = cjs_tracker.is_cjs_with_known_is_script(
+            parsed_source.specifier(),
+            media_type,
+            is_script,
+          )? || is_script && is_npm_main;
+          if is_cjs {
+            let analysis = parsed_source.analyze_cjs();
+            Ok(CliCjsAnalysis::Cjs {
+              exports: analysis.exports,
+              reexports: analysis.reexports,
             })
-          })?;
-        if parsed_source.is_script() {
-          let analysis = parsed_source.analyze_cjs();
-          Ok(CliCjsAnalysis::Cjs {
-            exports: analysis.exports,
-            reexports: analysis.reexports,
-          })
-        } else if media_type == MediaType::Cjs {
-          // FIXME: `deno_ast` should internally handle MediaType::Cjs implying that
-          // the result must never be Esm
-          Ok(CliCjsAnalysis::Cjs {
-            exports: vec![],
-            reexports: vec![],
-          })
-        } else {
-          Ok(CliCjsAnalysis::Esm)
+          } else {
+            Ok(CliCjsAnalysis::Esm)
+          }
         }
-      }
-    })
-    .await
-    .unwrap()?;
+      })
+      .await
+      .unwrap()?
+    } else {
+      CliCjsAnalysis::Esm
+    };
 
     self
       .cache
@@ -163,11 +163,11 @@ impl CliCjsCodeAnalyzer {
 
 #[async_trait::async_trait(?Send)]
 impl CjsCodeAnalyzer for CliCjsCodeAnalyzer {
-  async fn analyze_cjs(
+  async fn analyze_cjs<'a>(
     &self,
     specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
-    source: Option<String>,
-  ) -> Result<ExtNodeCjsAnalysis, AnyError> {
+    source: Option<Cow<'a, str>>,
+  ) -> Result<ExtNodeCjsAnalysis<'a>, AnyError> {
     let source = match source {
       Some(source) => source,
       None => {
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ impl CjsCodeAnalyzer for CliCjsCodeAnalyzer {
           if let Ok(source_from_file) =
             self.fs.read_text_file_lossy_async(path, None).await
           {
-            source_from_file
+            Cow::Owned(source_from_file)
           } else {
             return Ok(ExtNodeCjsAnalysis::Cjs(CjsAnalysisExports {
               exports: vec![],
diff --git a/cli/npm/byonm.rs b/cli/npm/byonm.rs
index fc095ab16..4535b07fc 100644
--- a/cli/npm/byonm.rs
+++ b/cli/npm/byonm.rs
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ use deno_core::serde_json;
 use deno_core::url::Url;
 use deno_resolver::npm::ByonmNpmResolver;
 use deno_resolver::npm::ByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions;
+use deno_runtime::deno_node::DenoFsNodeResolverEnv;
 use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodePermissions;
-use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodeRequireResolver;
 use deno_runtime::ops::process::NpmProcessStateProvider;
 use deno_semver::package::PackageReq;
 use node_resolver::NpmResolver;
@@ -25,30 +25,14 @@ use super::InnerCliNpmResolverRef;
 use super::ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError;
 
 pub type CliByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions =
-  ByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions<CliDenoResolverFs>;
-pub type CliByonmNpmResolver = ByonmNpmResolver<CliDenoResolverFs>;
+  ByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions<CliDenoResolverFs, DenoFsNodeResolverEnv>;
+pub type CliByonmNpmResolver =
+  ByonmNpmResolver<CliDenoResolverFs, DenoFsNodeResolverEnv>;
 
 // todo(dsherret): the services hanging off `CliNpmResolver` doesn't seem ideal. We should probably decouple.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct CliByonmWrapper(Arc<CliByonmNpmResolver>);
 
-impl NodeRequireResolver for CliByonmWrapper {
-  fn ensure_read_permission<'a>(
-    &self,
-    permissions: &mut dyn NodePermissions,
-    path: &'a Path,
-  ) -> Result<Cow<'a, Path>, AnyError> {
-    if !path
-      .components()
-      .any(|c| c.as_os_str().to_ascii_lowercase() == "node_modules")
-    {
-      permissions.check_read_path(path)
-    } else {
-      Ok(Cow::Borrowed(path))
-    }
-  }
-}
-
 impl NpmProcessStateProvider for CliByonmWrapper {
   fn get_npm_process_state(&self) -> String {
     serde_json::to_string(&NpmProcessState {
@@ -67,10 +51,6 @@ impl CliNpmResolver for CliByonmNpmResolver {
     self
   }
 
-  fn into_require_resolver(self: Arc<Self>) -> Arc<dyn NodeRequireResolver> {
-    Arc::new(CliByonmWrapper(self))
-  }
-
   fn into_process_state_provider(
     self: Arc<Self>,
   ) -> Arc<dyn NpmProcessStateProvider> {
@@ -100,6 +80,21 @@ impl CliNpmResolver for CliByonmNpmResolver {
     .map_err(ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError::Byonm)
   }
 
+  fn ensure_read_permission<'a>(
+    &self,
+    permissions: &mut dyn NodePermissions,
+    path: &'a Path,
+  ) -> Result<Cow<'a, Path>, AnyError> {
+    if !path
+      .components()
+      .any(|c| c.as_os_str().to_ascii_lowercase() == "node_modules")
+    {
+      permissions.check_read_path(path)
+    } else {
+      Ok(Cow::Borrowed(path))
+    }
+  }
+
   fn check_state_hash(&self) -> Option<u64> {
     // it is very difficult to determine the check state hash for byonm
     // so we just return None to signify check caching is not supported
diff --git a/cli/npm/managed/cache/mod.rs b/cli/npm/managed/cache/mod.rs
index aaec48668..8ae99f41e 100644
--- a/cli/npm/managed/cache/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/npm/managed/cache/mod.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ pub use tarball::TarballCache;
 /// Stores a single copy of npm packages in a cache.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct NpmCache {
-  cache_dir: NpmCacheDir,
+  cache_dir: Arc<NpmCacheDir>,
   cache_setting: CacheSetting,
   npmrc: Arc<ResolvedNpmRc>,
   /// ensures a package is only downloaded once per run
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ pub struct NpmCache {
 
 impl NpmCache {
   pub fn new(
-    cache_dir: NpmCacheDir,
+    cache_dir: Arc<NpmCacheDir>,
     cache_setting: CacheSetting,
     npmrc: Arc<ResolvedNpmRc>,
   ) -> Self {
@@ -61,6 +61,10 @@ impl NpmCache {
     &self.cache_setting
   }
 
+  pub fn root_dir_path(&self) -> &Path {
+    self.cache_dir.root_dir()
+  }
+
   pub fn root_dir_url(&self) -> &Url {
     self.cache_dir.root_dir_url()
   }
@@ -152,10 +156,6 @@ impl NpmCache {
     self.cache_dir.package_name_folder(name, registry_url)
   }
 
-  pub fn root_folder(&self) -> PathBuf {
-    self.cache_dir.root_dir().to_owned()
-  }
-
   pub fn resolve_package_folder_id_from_specifier(
     &self,
     specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
diff --git a/cli/npm/managed/mod.rs b/cli/npm/managed/mod.rs
index a0754812b..4a91bc347 100644
--- a/cli/npm/managed/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/npm/managed/mod.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ use deno_cache_dir::npm::NpmCacheDir;
 use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::serde_json;
+use deno_core::url::Url;
 use deno_npm::npm_rc::ResolvedNpmRc;
 use deno_npm::registry::NpmPackageInfo;
 use deno_npm::registry::NpmRegistryApi;
@@ -24,12 +25,12 @@ use deno_npm::NpmSystemInfo;
 use deno_runtime::colors;
 use deno_runtime::deno_fs::FileSystem;
 use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodePermissions;
-use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodeRequireResolver;
 use deno_runtime::ops::process::NpmProcessStateProvider;
 use deno_semver::package::PackageNv;
 use deno_semver::package::PackageReq;
 use node_resolver::errors::PackageFolderResolveError;
 use node_resolver::errors::PackageFolderResolveIoError;
+use node_resolver::InNpmPackageChecker;
 use node_resolver::NpmResolver;
 use resolution::AddPkgReqsResult;
 
@@ -39,7 +40,6 @@ use crate::args::NpmInstallDepsProvider;
 use crate::args::NpmProcessState;
 use crate::args::NpmProcessStateKind;
 use crate::args::PackageJsonDepValueParseWithLocationError;
-use crate::cache::DenoCacheEnvFsAdapter;
 use crate::cache::FastInsecureHasher;
 use crate::http_util::HttpClientProvider;
 use crate::util::fs::canonicalize_path_maybe_not_exists_with_fs;
@@ -66,12 +66,12 @@ pub enum CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption {
   Specified(Option<ValidSerializedNpmResolutionSnapshot>),
 }
 
-pub struct CliNpmResolverManagedCreateOptions {
+pub struct CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions {
   pub snapshot: CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption,
   pub maybe_lockfile: Option<Arc<CliLockfile>>,
   pub fs: Arc<dyn deno_runtime::deno_fs::FileSystem>,
   pub http_client_provider: Arc<crate::http_util::HttpClientProvider>,
-  pub npm_global_cache_dir: PathBuf,
+  pub npm_cache_dir: Arc<NpmCacheDir>,
   pub cache_setting: crate::args::CacheSetting,
   pub text_only_progress_bar: crate::util::progress_bar::ProgressBar,
   pub maybe_node_modules_path: Option<PathBuf>,
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ pub struct CliNpmResolverManagedCreateOptions {
 }
 
 pub async fn create_managed_npm_resolver_for_lsp(
-  options: CliNpmResolverManagedCreateOptions,
+  options: CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions,
 ) -> Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver> {
   let npm_cache = create_cache(&options);
   let npm_api = create_api(&options, npm_cache.clone());
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ pub async fn create_managed_npm_resolver_for_lsp(
 }
 
 pub async fn create_managed_npm_resolver(
-  options: CliNpmResolverManagedCreateOptions,
+  options: CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions,
 ) -> Result<Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>, AnyError> {
   let npm_cache = create_cache(&options);
   let npm_api = create_api(&options, npm_cache.clone());
@@ -189,20 +189,16 @@ fn create_inner(
   ))
 }
 
-fn create_cache(options: &CliNpmResolverManagedCreateOptions) -> Arc<NpmCache> {
+fn create_cache(options: &CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions) -> Arc<NpmCache> {
   Arc::new(NpmCache::new(
-    NpmCacheDir::new(
-      &DenoCacheEnvFsAdapter(options.fs.as_ref()),
-      options.npm_global_cache_dir.clone(),
-      options.npmrc.get_all_known_registries_urls(),
-    ),
+    options.npm_cache_dir.clone(),
     options.cache_setting.clone(),
     options.npmrc.clone(),
   ))
 }
 
 fn create_api(
-  options: &CliNpmResolverManagedCreateOptions,
+  options: &CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions,
   npm_cache: Arc<NpmCache>,
 ) -> Arc<CliNpmRegistryApi> {
   Arc::new(CliNpmRegistryApi::new(
@@ -259,6 +255,35 @@ async fn snapshot_from_lockfile(
   Ok(snapshot)
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct ManagedInNpmPackageChecker {
+  root_dir: Url,
+}
+
+impl InNpmPackageChecker for ManagedInNpmPackageChecker {
+  fn in_npm_package(&self, specifier: &Url) -> bool {
+    specifier.as_ref().starts_with(self.root_dir.as_str())
+  }
+}
+
+pub struct CliManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions<'a> {
+  pub root_cache_dir_url: &'a Url,
+  pub maybe_node_modules_path: Option<&'a Path>,
+}
+
+pub fn create_managed_in_npm_pkg_checker(
+  options: CliManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions,
+) -> Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker> {
+  let root_dir = match options.maybe_node_modules_path {
+    Some(node_modules_folder) => {
+      deno_path_util::url_from_directory_path(node_modules_folder).unwrap()
+    }
+    None => options.root_cache_dir_url.clone(),
+  };
+  debug_assert!(root_dir.as_str().ends_with('/'));
+  Arc::new(ManagedInNpmPackageChecker { root_dir })
+}
+
 /// An npm resolver where the resolution is managed by Deno rather than
 /// the user bringing their own node_modules (BYONM) on the file system.
 pub struct ManagedCliNpmResolver {
@@ -555,8 +580,16 @@ impl ManagedCliNpmResolver {
       .map_err(|err| err.into())
   }
 
-  pub fn global_cache_root_folder(&self) -> PathBuf {
-    self.npm_cache.root_folder()
+  pub fn maybe_node_modules_path(&self) -> Option<&Path> {
+    self.fs_resolver.node_modules_path()
+  }
+
+  pub fn global_cache_root_path(&self) -> &Path {
+    self.npm_cache.root_dir_path()
+  }
+
+  pub fn global_cache_root_url(&self) -> &Url {
+    self.npm_cache.root_dir_url()
   }
 }
 
@@ -591,22 +624,6 @@ impl NpmResolver for ManagedCliNpmResolver {
     log::debug!("Resolved {} from {} to {}", name, referrer, path.display());
     Ok(path)
   }
-
-  fn in_npm_package(&self, specifier: &ModuleSpecifier) -> bool {
-    let root_dir_url = self.fs_resolver.root_dir_url();
-    debug_assert!(root_dir_url.as_str().ends_with('/'));
-    specifier.as_ref().starts_with(root_dir_url.as_str())
-  }
-}
-
-impl NodeRequireResolver for ManagedCliNpmResolver {
-  fn ensure_read_permission<'a>(
-    &self,
-    permissions: &mut dyn NodePermissions,
-    path: &'a Path,
-  ) -> Result<Cow<'a, Path>, AnyError> {
-    self.fs_resolver.ensure_read_permission(permissions, path)
-  }
 }
 
 impl NpmProcessStateProvider for ManagedCliNpmResolver {
@@ -623,10 +640,6 @@ impl CliNpmResolver for ManagedCliNpmResolver {
     self
   }
 
-  fn into_require_resolver(self: Arc<Self>) -> Arc<dyn NodeRequireResolver> {
-    self
-  }
-
   fn into_process_state_provider(
     self: Arc<Self>,
   ) -> Arc<dyn NpmProcessStateProvider> {
@@ -687,6 +700,14 @@ impl CliNpmResolver for ManagedCliNpmResolver {
       .map_err(ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError::Managed)
   }
 
+  fn ensure_read_permission<'a>(
+    &self,
+    permissions: &mut dyn NodePermissions,
+    path: &'a Path,
+  ) -> Result<Cow<'a, Path>, AnyError> {
+    self.fs_resolver.ensure_read_permission(permissions, path)
+  }
+
   fn check_state_hash(&self) -> Option<u64> {
     // We could go further and check all the individual
     // npm packages, but that's probably overkill.
diff --git a/cli/npm/managed/resolvers/common.rs b/cli/npm/managed/resolvers/common.rs
index 867bb4168..590f8fb25 100644
--- a/cli/npm/managed/resolvers/common.rs
+++ b/cli/npm/managed/resolvers/common.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::futures;
 use deno_core::futures::StreamExt;
-use deno_core::url::Url;
 use deno_npm::NpmPackageCacheFolderId;
 use deno_npm::NpmPackageId;
 use deno_npm::NpmResolutionPackage;
@@ -30,9 +29,6 @@ use crate::npm::managed::cache::TarballCache;
 /// Part of the resolution that interacts with the file system.
 #[async_trait(?Send)]
 pub trait NpmPackageFsResolver: Send + Sync {
-  /// Specifier for the root directory.
-  fn root_dir_url(&self) -> &Url;
-
   /// The local node_modules folder if it is applicable to the implementation.
   fn node_modules_path(&self) -> Option<&Path>;
 
diff --git a/cli/npm/managed/resolvers/global.rs b/cli/npm/managed/resolvers/global.rs
index 5be315e99..f0193e78e 100644
--- a/cli/npm/managed/resolvers/global.rs
+++ b/cli/npm/managed/resolvers/global.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ use crate::colors;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_core::url::Url;
 use deno_npm::NpmPackageCacheFolderId;
 use deno_npm::NpmPackageId;
 use deno_npm::NpmResolutionPackage;
@@ -56,7 +55,7 @@ impl GlobalNpmPackageResolver {
     Self {
       registry_read_permission_checker: RegistryReadPermissionChecker::new(
         fs,
-        cache.root_folder(),
+        cache.root_dir_path().to_path_buf(),
       ),
       cache,
       tarball_cache,
@@ -69,10 +68,6 @@ impl GlobalNpmPackageResolver {
 
 #[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl NpmPackageFsResolver for GlobalNpmPackageResolver {
-  fn root_dir_url(&self) -> &Url {
-    self.cache.root_dir_url()
-  }
-
   fn node_modules_path(&self) -> Option<&Path> {
     None
   }
diff --git a/cli/npm/managed/resolvers/local.rs b/cli/npm/managed/resolvers/local.rs
index 54f7576ad..0968be8a7 100644
--- a/cli/npm/managed/resolvers/local.rs
+++ b/cli/npm/managed/resolvers/local.rs
@@ -155,10 +155,6 @@ impl LocalNpmPackageResolver {
 
 #[async_trait(?Send)]
 impl NpmPackageFsResolver for LocalNpmPackageResolver {
-  fn root_dir_url(&self) -> &Url {
-    &self.root_node_modules_url
-  }
-
   fn node_modules_path(&self) -> Option<&Path> {
     Some(self.root_node_modules_path.as_ref())
   }
diff --git a/cli/npm/mod.rs b/cli/npm/mod.rs
index 3971b1a0b..0d434ca27 100644
--- a/cli/npm/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/npm/mod.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ mod byonm;
 mod common;
 mod managed;
 
+use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::sync::Arc;
@@ -15,13 +16,16 @@ use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::serde_json;
 use deno_npm::npm_rc::ResolvedNpmRc;
 use deno_npm::registry::NpmPackageInfo;
+use deno_resolver::npm::ByonmInNpmPackageChecker;
 use deno_resolver::npm::ByonmNpmResolver;
 use deno_resolver::npm::ByonmResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError;
-use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodeRequireResolver;
+use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodePermissions;
 use deno_runtime::ops::process::NpmProcessStateProvider;
 use deno_semver::package::PackageNv;
 use deno_semver::package::PackageReq;
 use managed::cache::registry_info::get_package_url;
+use managed::create_managed_in_npm_pkg_checker;
+use node_resolver::InNpmPackageChecker;
 use node_resolver::NpmResolver;
 use thiserror::Error;
 
@@ -29,7 +33,8 @@ use crate::file_fetcher::FileFetcher;
 
 pub use self::byonm::CliByonmNpmResolver;
 pub use self::byonm::CliByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions;
-pub use self::managed::CliNpmResolverManagedCreateOptions;
+pub use self::managed::CliManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions;
+pub use self::managed::CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions;
 pub use self::managed::CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption;
 pub use self::managed::ManagedCliNpmResolver;
 
@@ -42,7 +47,7 @@ pub enum ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError {
 }
 
 pub enum CliNpmResolverCreateOptions {
-  Managed(CliNpmResolverManagedCreateOptions),
+  Managed(CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions),
   Byonm(CliByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions),
 }
 
@@ -68,6 +73,22 @@ pub async fn create_cli_npm_resolver(
   }
 }
 
+pub enum CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions<'a> {
+  Managed(CliManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions<'a>),
+  Byonm,
+}
+
+pub fn create_in_npm_pkg_checker(
+  options: CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions,
+) -> Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker> {
+  match options {
+    CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions::Managed(options) => {
+      create_managed_in_npm_pkg_checker(options)
+    }
+    CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions::Byonm => Arc::new(ByonmInNpmPackageChecker),
+  }
+}
+
 pub enum InnerCliNpmResolverRef<'a> {
   Managed(&'a ManagedCliNpmResolver),
   #[allow(dead_code)]
@@ -76,7 +97,6 @@ pub enum InnerCliNpmResolverRef<'a> {
 
 pub trait CliNpmResolver: NpmResolver {
   fn into_npm_resolver(self: Arc<Self>) -> Arc<dyn NpmResolver>;
-  fn into_require_resolver(self: Arc<Self>) -> Arc<dyn NodeRequireResolver>;
   fn into_process_state_provider(
     self: Arc<Self>,
   ) -> Arc<dyn NpmProcessStateProvider>;
@@ -107,6 +127,12 @@ pub trait CliNpmResolver: NpmResolver {
     referrer: &ModuleSpecifier,
   ) -> Result<PathBuf, ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError>;
 
+  fn ensure_read_permission<'a>(
+    &self,
+    permissions: &mut dyn NodePermissions,
+    path: &'a Path,
+  ) -> Result<Cow<'a, Path>, AnyError>;
+
   /// Returns a hash returning the state of the npm resolver
   /// or `None` if the state currently can't be determined.
   fn check_state_hash(&self) -> Option<u64>;
diff --git a/cli/resolver.rs b/cli/resolver.rs
index 84c671268..710b97509 100644
--- a/cli/resolver.rs
+++ b/cli/resolver.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use dashmap::DashMap;
 use dashmap::DashSet;
 use deno_ast::MediaType;
+use deno_ast::ModuleKind;
 use deno_config::workspace::MappedResolution;
 use deno_config::workspace::MappedResolutionDiagnostic;
 use deno_config::workspace::MappedResolutionError;
@@ -11,6 +12,7 @@ use deno_config::workspace::WorkspaceResolver;
 use deno_core::anyhow::anyhow;
 use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::url::Url;
 use deno_core::ModuleSourceCode;
 use deno_core::ModuleSpecifier;
 use deno_graph::source::ResolutionMode;
@@ -29,6 +31,7 @@ use deno_runtime::deno_fs;
 use deno_runtime::deno_fs::FileSystem;
 use deno_runtime::deno_node::is_builtin_node_module;
 use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodeResolver;
+use deno_runtime::deno_node::PackageJsonResolver;
 use deno_semver::npm::NpmPackageReqReference;
 use deno_semver::package::PackageReq;
 use node_resolver::errors::ClosestPkgJsonError;
@@ -38,21 +41,22 @@ use node_resolver::errors::PackageFolderResolveErrorKind;
 use node_resolver::errors::PackageFolderResolveIoError;
 use node_resolver::errors::PackageNotFoundError;
 use node_resolver::errors::PackageResolveErrorKind;
-use node_resolver::errors::UrlToNodeResolutionError;
+use node_resolver::errors::PackageSubpathResolveError;
+use node_resolver::InNpmPackageChecker;
 use node_resolver::NodeModuleKind;
 use node_resolver::NodeResolution;
 use node_resolver::NodeResolutionMode;
-use node_resolver::PackageJson;
+use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::sync::Arc;
+use thiserror::Error;
 
 use crate::args::JsxImportSourceConfig;
 use crate::args::DENO_DISABLE_PEDANTIC_NODE_WARNINGS;
 use crate::node::CliNodeCodeTranslator;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
 use crate::npm::InnerCliNpmResolverRef;
-use crate::util::path::specifier_has_extension;
 use crate::util::sync::AtomicFlag;
 use crate::util::text_encoding::from_utf8_lossy_owned;
 
@@ -104,36 +108,32 @@ impl deno_resolver::fs::DenoResolverFs for CliDenoResolverFs {
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct CliNodeResolver {
-  cjs_resolutions: Arc<CjsResolutionStore>,
+  cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
   fs: Arc<dyn deno_fs::FileSystem>,
+  in_npm_pkg_checker: Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>,
   node_resolver: Arc<NodeResolver>,
   npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
 }
 
 impl CliNodeResolver {
   pub fn new(
-    cjs_resolutions: Arc<CjsResolutionStore>,
+    cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
     fs: Arc<dyn deno_fs::FileSystem>,
+    in_npm_pkg_checker: Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>,
     node_resolver: Arc<NodeResolver>,
     npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
   ) -> Self {
     Self {
-      cjs_resolutions,
+      cjs_tracker,
       fs,
+      in_npm_pkg_checker,
       node_resolver,
       npm_resolver,
     }
   }
 
   pub fn in_npm_package(&self, specifier: &ModuleSpecifier) -> bool {
-    self.npm_resolver.in_npm_package(specifier)
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_closest_package_json(
-    &self,
-    referrer: &ModuleSpecifier,
-  ) -> Result<Option<Arc<PackageJson>>, ClosestPkgJsonError> {
-    self.node_resolver.get_closest_package_json(referrer)
+    self.in_npm_pkg_checker.in_npm_package(specifier)
   }
 
   pub fn resolve_if_for_npm_pkg(
@@ -153,8 +153,7 @@ impl CliNodeResolver {
           | NodeResolveErrorKind::UnsupportedEsmUrlScheme(_)
           | NodeResolveErrorKind::DataUrlReferrer(_)
           | NodeResolveErrorKind::TypesNotFound(_)
-          | NodeResolveErrorKind::FinalizeResolution(_)
-          | NodeResolveErrorKind::UrlToNodeResolution(_) => Err(err.into()),
+          | NodeResolveErrorKind::FinalizeResolution(_) => Err(err.into()),
           NodeResolveErrorKind::PackageResolve(err) => {
             let err = err.into_kind();
             match err {
@@ -216,7 +215,11 @@ impl CliNodeResolver {
     referrer: &ModuleSpecifier,
     mode: NodeResolutionMode,
   ) -> Result<NodeResolution, NodeResolveError> {
-    let referrer_kind = if self.cjs_resolutions.is_known_cjs(referrer) {
+    let referrer_kind = if self
+      .cjs_tracker
+      .is_maybe_cjs(referrer, MediaType::from_specifier(referrer))
+      .map_err(|err| NodeResolveErrorKind::PackageResolve(err.into()))?
+    {
       NodeModuleKind::Cjs
     } else {
       NodeModuleKind::Esm
@@ -226,7 +229,7 @@ impl CliNodeResolver {
       self
         .node_resolver
         .resolve(specifier, referrer, referrer_kind, mode)?;
-    Ok(self.handle_node_resolution(res))
+    Ok(res)
   }
 
   pub fn resolve_req_reference(
@@ -234,7 +237,7 @@ impl CliNodeResolver {
     req_ref: &NpmPackageReqReference,
     referrer: &ModuleSpecifier,
     mode: NodeResolutionMode,
-  ) -> Result<NodeResolution, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<ModuleSpecifier, AnyError> {
     self.resolve_req_with_sub_path(
       req_ref.req(),
       req_ref.sub_path(),
@@ -249,7 +252,7 @@ impl CliNodeResolver {
     sub_path: Option<&str>,
     referrer: &ModuleSpecifier,
     mode: NodeResolutionMode,
-  ) -> Result<NodeResolution, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<ModuleSpecifier, AnyError> {
     let package_folder = self
       .npm_resolver
       .resolve_pkg_folder_from_deno_module_req(req, referrer)?;
@@ -260,7 +263,7 @@ impl CliNodeResolver {
       mode,
     );
     match resolution_result {
-      Ok(resolution) => Ok(resolution),
+      Ok(url) => Ok(url),
       Err(err) => {
         if self.npm_resolver.as_byonm().is_some() {
           let package_json_path = package_folder.join("package.json");
@@ -271,7 +274,7 @@ impl CliNodeResolver {
             ));
           }
         }
-        Err(err)
+        Err(err.into())
       }
     }
   }
@@ -282,16 +285,13 @@ impl CliNodeResolver {
     sub_path: Option<&str>,
     maybe_referrer: Option<&ModuleSpecifier>,
     mode: NodeResolutionMode,
-  ) -> Result<NodeResolution, AnyError> {
-    let res = self
-      .node_resolver
-      .resolve_package_subpath_from_deno_module(
-        package_folder,
-        sub_path,
-        maybe_referrer,
-        mode,
-      )?;
-    Ok(self.handle_node_resolution(res))
+  ) -> Result<ModuleSpecifier, PackageSubpathResolveError> {
+    self.node_resolver.resolve_package_subpath_from_deno_module(
+      package_folder,
+      sub_path,
+      maybe_referrer,
+      mode,
+    )
   }
 
   pub fn handle_if_in_node_modules(
@@ -306,71 +306,45 @@ impl CliNodeResolver {
       // so canoncalize then check if it's in the node_modules directory.
       // If so, check if we need to store this specifier as being a CJS
       // resolution.
-      let specifier =
-        crate::node::resolve_specifier_into_node_modules(specifier);
-      if self.in_npm_package(&specifier) {
-        let resolution =
-          self.node_resolver.url_to_node_resolution(specifier)?;
-        let resolution = self.handle_node_resolution(resolution);
-        return Ok(Some(resolution.into_url()));
-      }
+      let specifier = crate::node::resolve_specifier_into_node_modules(
+        specifier,
+        self.fs.as_ref(),
+      );
+      return Ok(Some(specifier));
     }
 
     Ok(None)
   }
+}
 
-  pub fn url_to_node_resolution(
-    &self,
-    specifier: ModuleSpecifier,
-  ) -> Result<NodeResolution, UrlToNodeResolutionError> {
-    self.node_resolver.url_to_node_resolution(specifier)
-  }
-
-  fn handle_node_resolution(
-    &self,
-    resolution: NodeResolution,
-  ) -> NodeResolution {
-    if let NodeResolution::CommonJs(specifier) = &resolution {
-      // remember that this was a common js resolution
-      self.mark_cjs_resolution(specifier.clone());
-    }
-    resolution
-  }
-
-  pub fn mark_cjs_resolution(&self, specifier: ModuleSpecifier) {
-    self.cjs_resolutions.insert(specifier);
-  }
+#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+#[error("{media_type} files are not supported in npm packages: {specifier}")]
+pub struct NotSupportedKindInNpmError {
+  pub media_type: MediaType,
+  pub specifier: Url,
 }
 
-// todo(dsherret): move to module_loader.rs
+// todo(dsherret): move to module_loader.rs (it seems to be here due to use in standalone)
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct NpmModuleLoader {
-  cjs_resolutions: Arc<CjsResolutionStore>,
-  node_code_translator: Arc<CliNodeCodeTranslator>,
+  cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
   fs: Arc<dyn deno_fs::FileSystem>,
-  node_resolver: Arc<CliNodeResolver>,
+  node_code_translator: Arc<CliNodeCodeTranslator>,
 }
 
 impl NpmModuleLoader {
   pub fn new(
-    cjs_resolutions: Arc<CjsResolutionStore>,
-    node_code_translator: Arc<CliNodeCodeTranslator>,
+    cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
     fs: Arc<dyn deno_fs::FileSystem>,
-    node_resolver: Arc<CliNodeResolver>,
+    node_code_translator: Arc<CliNodeCodeTranslator>,
   ) -> Self {
     Self {
-      cjs_resolutions,
+      cjs_tracker,
       node_code_translator,
       fs,
-      node_resolver,
     }
   }
 
-  pub fn if_in_npm_package(&self, specifier: &ModuleSpecifier) -> bool {
-    self.node_resolver.in_npm_package(specifier)
-      || self.cjs_resolutions.is_known_cjs(specifier)
-  }
-
   pub async fn load(
     &self,
     specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
@@ -413,20 +387,30 @@ impl NpmModuleLoader {
         }
       })?;
 
-    let code = if self.cjs_resolutions.is_known_cjs(specifier) {
+    let media_type = MediaType::from_specifier(specifier);
+    if media_type.is_emittable() {
+      return Err(AnyError::from(NotSupportedKindInNpmError {
+        media_type,
+        specifier: specifier.clone(),
+      }));
+    }
+
+    let code = if self.cjs_tracker.is_maybe_cjs(specifier, media_type)? {
       // translate cjs to esm if it's cjs and inject node globals
       let code = from_utf8_lossy_owned(code);
       ModuleSourceCode::String(
         self
           .node_code_translator
-          .translate_cjs_to_esm(specifier, Some(code))
+          .translate_cjs_to_esm(specifier, Some(Cow::Owned(code)))
           .await?
+          .into_owned()
           .into(),
       )
     } else {
       // esm and json code is untouched
       ModuleSourceCode::Bytes(code.into_boxed_slice().into())
     };
+
     Ok(ModuleCodeStringSource {
       code,
       found_url: specifier.clone(),
@@ -435,21 +419,165 @@ impl NpmModuleLoader {
   }
 }
 
+pub struct CjsTrackerOptions {
+  pub unstable_detect_cjs: bool,
+}
+
 /// Keeps track of what module specifiers were resolved as CJS.
-#[derive(Debug, Default)]
-pub struct CjsResolutionStore(DashSet<ModuleSpecifier>);
+///
+/// Modules that are `.js` or `.ts` are only known to be CJS or
+/// ESM after they're loaded based on their contents. So these files
+/// will be "maybe CJS" until they're loaded.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct CjsTracker {
+  in_npm_pkg_checker: Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>,
+  pkg_json_resolver: Arc<PackageJsonResolver>,
+  unstable_detect_cjs: bool,
+  known: DashMap<ModuleSpecifier, ModuleKind>,
+}
+
+impl CjsTracker {
+  pub fn new(
+    in_npm_pkg_checker: Arc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>,
+    pkg_json_resolver: Arc<PackageJsonResolver>,
+    options: CjsTrackerOptions,
+  ) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      in_npm_pkg_checker,
+      pkg_json_resolver,
+      unstable_detect_cjs: options.unstable_detect_cjs,
+      known: Default::default(),
+    }
+  }
 
-impl CjsResolutionStore {
-  pub fn is_known_cjs(&self, specifier: &ModuleSpecifier) -> bool {
+  /// Checks whether the file might be treated as CJS, but it's not for sure
+  /// yet because the source hasn't been loaded to see whether it contains
+  /// imports or exports.
+  pub fn is_maybe_cjs(
+    &self,
+    specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
+    media_type: MediaType,
+  ) -> Result<bool, ClosestPkgJsonError> {
+    self.treat_as_cjs_with_is_script(specifier, media_type, None)
+  }
+
+  /// Gets whether the file is CJS. If true, this is for sure
+  /// cjs because `is_script` is provided.
+  ///
+  /// `is_script` should be `true` when the contents of the file at the
+  /// provided specifier are known to be a script and not an ES module.
+  pub fn is_cjs_with_known_is_script(
+    &self,
+    specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
+    media_type: MediaType,
+    is_script: bool,
+  ) -> Result<bool, ClosestPkgJsonError> {
+    self.treat_as_cjs_with_is_script(specifier, media_type, Some(is_script))
+  }
+
+  fn treat_as_cjs_with_is_script(
+    &self,
+    specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
+    media_type: MediaType,
+    is_script: Option<bool>,
+  ) -> Result<bool, ClosestPkgJsonError> {
+    let kind = match self
+      .get_known_kind_with_is_script(specifier, media_type, is_script)
+    {
+      Some(kind) => kind,
+      None => self.check_based_on_pkg_json(specifier)?,
+    };
+    Ok(kind.is_cjs())
+  }
+
+  pub fn get_known_kind(
+    &self,
+    specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
+    media_type: MediaType,
+  ) -> Option<ModuleKind> {
+    self.get_known_kind_with_is_script(specifier, media_type, None)
+  }
+
+  fn get_known_kind_with_is_script(
+    &self,
+    specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
+    media_type: MediaType,
+    is_script: Option<bool>,
+  ) -> Option<ModuleKind> {
     if specifier.scheme() != "file" {
-      return false;
+      return Some(ModuleKind::Esm);
     }
 
-    specifier_has_extension(specifier, "cjs") || self.0.contains(specifier)
+    match media_type {
+      MediaType::Mts | MediaType::Mjs | MediaType::Dmts => Some(ModuleKind::Esm),
+      MediaType::Cjs | MediaType::Cts | MediaType::Dcts => Some(ModuleKind::Cjs),
+      MediaType::Dts => {
+        // dts files are always determined based on the package.json because
+        // they contain imports/exports even when considered CJS
+        if let Some(value) = self.known.get(specifier).map(|v| *v) {
+          Some(value)
+        } else {
+          let value = self.check_based_on_pkg_json(specifier).ok();
+          if let Some(value) = value {
+            self.known.insert(specifier.clone(), value);
+          }
+          Some(value.unwrap_or(ModuleKind::Esm))
+        }
+      }
+      MediaType::Wasm |
+      MediaType::Json => Some(ModuleKind::Esm),
+      MediaType::JavaScript
+      | MediaType::Jsx
+      | MediaType::TypeScript
+      | MediaType::Tsx
+      // treat these as unknown
+      | MediaType::Css
+      | MediaType::SourceMap
+      | MediaType::Unknown => {
+        if let Some(value) = self.known.get(specifier).map(|v| *v) {
+          if value.is_cjs() && is_script == Some(false) {
+            // we now know this is actually esm
+            self.known.insert(specifier.clone(), ModuleKind::Esm);
+            Some(ModuleKind::Esm)
+          } else {
+            Some(value)
+          }
+        } else if is_script == Some(false) {
+          // we know this is esm
+          self.known.insert(specifier.clone(), ModuleKind::Esm);
+          Some(ModuleKind::Esm)
+        } else {
+          None
+        }
+      }
+    }
   }
 
-  pub fn insert(&self, specifier: ModuleSpecifier) {
-    self.0.insert(specifier);
+  fn check_based_on_pkg_json(
+    &self,
+    specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
+  ) -> Result<ModuleKind, ClosestPkgJsonError> {
+    if self.in_npm_pkg_checker.in_npm_package(specifier) {
+      if let Some(pkg_json) =
+        self.pkg_json_resolver.get_closest_package_json(specifier)?
+      {
+        let is_file_location_cjs = pkg_json.typ != "module";
+        Ok(ModuleKind::from_is_cjs(is_file_location_cjs))
+      } else {
+        Ok(ModuleKind::Cjs)
+      }
+    } else if self.unstable_detect_cjs {
+      if let Some(pkg_json) =
+        self.pkg_json_resolver.get_closest_package_json(specifier)?
+      {
+        let is_cjs_type = pkg_json.typ == "commonjs";
+        Ok(ModuleKind::from_is_cjs(is_cjs_type))
+      } else {
+        Ok(ModuleKind::Esm)
+      }
+    } else {
+      Ok(ModuleKind::Esm)
+    }
   }
 }
 
@@ -633,8 +761,7 @@ impl Resolver for CliGraphResolver {
             Some(referrer),
             to_node_mode(mode),
           )
-          .map_err(ResolveError::Other)
-          .map(|res| res.into_url()),
+          .map_err(|e| ResolveError::Other(e.into())),
         MappedResolution::PackageJson {
           dep_result,
           alias,
@@ -665,19 +792,17 @@ impl Resolver for CliGraphResolver {
                 )
                 .map_err(|e| ResolveError::Other(e.into()))
                 .and_then(|pkg_folder| {
-                  Ok(
-                    self
-                      .node_resolver
-                      .as_ref()
-                      .unwrap()
-                      .resolve_package_sub_path_from_deno_module(
-                        pkg_folder,
-                        sub_path.as_deref(),
-                        Some(referrer),
-                        to_node_mode(mode),
-                      )?
-                      .into_url(),
-                  )
+                  self
+                    .node_resolver
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .resolve_package_sub_path_from_deno_module(
+                      pkg_folder,
+                      sub_path.as_deref(),
+                      Some(referrer),
+                      to_node_mode(mode),
+                    )
+                    .map_err(|e| ResolveError::Other(e.into()))
                 }),
             })
         }
@@ -717,23 +842,20 @@ impl Resolver for CliGraphResolver {
               npm_req_ref.req(),
             )
           {
-            return Ok(
-              node_resolver
-                .resolve_package_sub_path_from_deno_module(
-                  pkg_folder,
-                  npm_req_ref.sub_path(),
-                  Some(referrer),
-                  to_node_mode(mode),
-                )?
-                .into_url(),
-            );
+            return node_resolver
+              .resolve_package_sub_path_from_deno_module(
+                pkg_folder,
+                npm_req_ref.sub_path(),
+                Some(referrer),
+                to_node_mode(mode),
+              )
+              .map_err(|e| ResolveError::Other(e.into()));
           }
 
           // do npm resolution for byonm
           if is_byonm {
             return node_resolver
               .resolve_req_reference(&npm_req_ref, referrer, to_node_mode(mode))
-              .map(|res| res.into_url())
               .map_err(|err| err.into());
           }
         }
@@ -751,9 +873,7 @@ impl Resolver for CliGraphResolver {
             .map_err(ResolveError::Other)?;
           if let Some(res) = maybe_resolution {
             match res {
-              NodeResolution::Esm(url) | NodeResolution::CommonJs(url) => {
-                return Ok(url)
-              }
+              NodeResolution::Module(url) => return Ok(url),
               NodeResolution::BuiltIn(_) => {
                 // don't resolve bare specifiers for built-in modules via node resolution
               }
diff --git a/cli/standalone/binary.rs b/cli/standalone/binary.rs
index f41f3003f..9e2651226 100644
--- a/cli/standalone/binary.rs
+++ b/cli/standalone/binary.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ use std::process::Command;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use deno_ast::MediaType;
+use deno_ast::ModuleKind;
 use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
 use deno_config::workspace::PackageJsonDepResolution;
 use deno_config::workspace::ResolverWorkspaceJsrPackage;
@@ -67,6 +68,7 @@ use crate::file_fetcher::FileFetcher;
 use crate::http_util::HttpClientProvider;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
 use crate::npm::InnerCliNpmResolverRef;
+use crate::resolver::CjsTracker;
 use crate::shared::ReleaseChannel;
 use crate::standalone::virtual_fs::VfsEntry;
 use crate::util::archive;
@@ -257,6 +259,10 @@ impl StandaloneModules {
     }
   }
 
+  pub fn has_file(&self, path: &Path) -> bool {
+    self.vfs.file_entry(path).is_ok()
+  }
+
   pub fn read<'a>(
     &'a self,
     specifier: &'a ModuleSpecifier,
@@ -353,6 +359,7 @@ pub fn extract_standalone(
 }
 
 pub struct DenoCompileBinaryWriter<'a> {
+  cjs_tracker: &'a CjsTracker,
   deno_dir: &'a DenoDir,
   emitter: &'a Emitter,
   file_fetcher: &'a FileFetcher,
@@ -365,6 +372,7 @@ pub struct DenoCompileBinaryWriter<'a> {
 impl<'a> DenoCompileBinaryWriter<'a> {
   #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
   pub fn new(
+    cjs_tracker: &'a CjsTracker,
     deno_dir: &'a DenoDir,
     emitter: &'a Emitter,
     file_fetcher: &'a FileFetcher,
@@ -374,6 +382,7 @@ impl<'a> DenoCompileBinaryWriter<'a> {
     npm_system_info: NpmSystemInfo,
   ) -> Self {
     Self {
+      cjs_tracker,
       deno_dir,
       emitter,
       file_fetcher,
@@ -599,19 +608,21 @@ impl<'a> DenoCompileBinaryWriter<'a> {
       }
       let (maybe_source, media_type) = match module {
         deno_graph::Module::Js(m) => {
-          // todo(https://github.com/denoland/deno_media_type/pull/12): use is_emittable()
-          let is_emittable = matches!(
-            m.media_type,
-            MediaType::TypeScript
-              | MediaType::Mts
-              | MediaType::Cts
-              | MediaType::Jsx
-              | MediaType::Tsx
-          );
-          let source = if is_emittable {
+          let source = if m.media_type.is_emittable() {
+            let is_cjs = self.cjs_tracker.is_cjs_with_known_is_script(
+              &m.specifier,
+              m.media_type,
+              m.is_script,
+            )?;
+            let module_kind = ModuleKind::from_is_cjs(is_cjs);
             let source = self
               .emitter
-              .emit_parsed_source(&m.specifier, m.media_type, &m.source)
+              .emit_parsed_source(
+                &m.specifier,
+                m.media_type,
+                module_kind,
+                &m.source,
+              )
               .await?;
             source.into_bytes()
           } else {
@@ -745,8 +756,9 @@ impl<'a> DenoCompileBinaryWriter<'a> {
         } else {
           // DO NOT include the user's registry url as it may contain credentials,
           // but also don't make this dependent on the registry url
-          let global_cache_root_path = npm_resolver.global_cache_root_folder();
-          let mut builder = VfsBuilder::new(global_cache_root_path)?;
+          let global_cache_root_path = npm_resolver.global_cache_root_path();
+          let mut builder =
+            VfsBuilder::new(global_cache_root_path.to_path_buf())?;
           let mut packages =
             npm_resolver.all_system_packages(&self.npm_system_info);
           packages.sort_by(|a, b| a.id.cmp(&b.id)); // determinism
diff --git a/cli/standalone/mod.rs b/cli/standalone/mod.rs
index 3a62b6ff9..85610f4c2 100644
--- a/cli/standalone/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/standalone/mod.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ use deno_core::error::type_error;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::futures::FutureExt;
 use deno_core::v8_set_flags;
+use deno_core::FastString;
 use deno_core::FeatureChecker;
 use deno_core::ModuleLoader;
 use deno_core::ModuleSourceCode;
@@ -30,7 +31,9 @@ use deno_npm::npm_rc::ResolvedNpmRc;
 use deno_package_json::PackageJsonDepValue;
 use deno_runtime::deno_fs;
 use deno_runtime::deno_node::create_host_defined_options;
+use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodeRequireLoader;
 use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodeResolver;
+use deno_runtime::deno_node::PackageJsonResolver;
 use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::Permissions;
 use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
 use deno_runtime::deno_tls::rustls::RootCertStore;
@@ -43,6 +46,7 @@ use deno_semver::npm::NpmPackageReqReference;
 use import_map::parse_from_json;
 use node_resolver::analyze::NodeCodeTranslator;
 use node_resolver::NodeResolutionMode;
+use serialization::DenoCompileModuleSource;
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::sync::Arc;
@@ -61,12 +65,18 @@ use crate::cache::NodeAnalysisCache;
 use crate::cache::RealDenoCacheEnv;
 use crate::http_util::HttpClientProvider;
 use crate::node::CliCjsCodeAnalyzer;
+use crate::node::CliNodeCodeTranslator;
 use crate::npm::create_cli_npm_resolver;
+use crate::npm::create_in_npm_pkg_checker;
 use crate::npm::CliByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions;
+use crate::npm::CliManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions;
+use crate::npm::CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions;
+use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolverCreateOptions;
-use crate::npm::CliNpmResolverManagedCreateOptions;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption;
-use crate::resolver::CjsResolutionStore;
+use crate::npm::CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions;
+use crate::resolver::CjsTracker;
+use crate::resolver::CjsTrackerOptions;
 use crate::resolver::CliDenoResolverFs;
 use crate::resolver::CliNodeResolver;
 use crate::resolver::NpmModuleLoader;
@@ -75,7 +85,7 @@ use crate::util::progress_bar::ProgressBarStyle;
 use crate::util::v8::construct_v8_flags;
 use crate::worker::CliMainWorkerFactory;
 use crate::worker::CliMainWorkerOptions;
-use crate::worker::ModuleLoaderAndSourceMapGetter;
+use crate::worker::CreateModuleLoaderResult;
 use crate::worker::ModuleLoaderFactory;
 
 pub mod binary;
@@ -91,10 +101,14 @@ use self::binary::Metadata;
 use self::file_system::DenoCompileFileSystem;
 
 struct SharedModuleLoaderState {
+  cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
+  fs: Arc<dyn deno_fs::FileSystem>,
   modules: StandaloneModules,
-  workspace_resolver: WorkspaceResolver,
+  node_code_translator: Arc<CliNodeCodeTranslator>,
   node_resolver: Arc<CliNodeResolver>,
   npm_module_loader: Arc<NpmModuleLoader>,
+  npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
+  workspace_resolver: WorkspaceResolver,
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -102,6 +116,12 @@ struct EmbeddedModuleLoader {
   shared: Arc<SharedModuleLoaderState>,
 }
 
+impl std::fmt::Debug for EmbeddedModuleLoader {
+  fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+    f.debug_struct("EmbeddedModuleLoader").finish()
+  }
+}
+
 pub const MODULE_NOT_FOUND: &str = "Module not found";
 pub const UNSUPPORTED_SCHEME: &str = "Unsupported scheme";
 
@@ -159,8 +179,7 @@ impl ModuleLoader for EmbeddedModuleLoader {
             sub_path.as_deref(),
             Some(&referrer),
             NodeResolutionMode::Execution,
-          )?
-          .into_url(),
+          )?,
       ),
       Ok(MappedResolution::PackageJson {
         dep_result,
@@ -168,16 +187,14 @@ impl ModuleLoader for EmbeddedModuleLoader {
         alias,
         ..
       }) => match dep_result.as_ref().map_err(|e| AnyError::from(e.clone()))? {
-        PackageJsonDepValue::Req(req) => self
-          .shared
-          .node_resolver
-          .resolve_req_with_sub_path(
+        PackageJsonDepValue::Req(req) => {
+          self.shared.node_resolver.resolve_req_with_sub_path(
             req,
             sub_path.as_deref(),
             &referrer,
             NodeResolutionMode::Execution,
           )
-          .map(|res| res.into_url()),
+        }
         PackageJsonDepValue::Workspace(version_req) => {
           let pkg_folder = self
             .shared
@@ -195,8 +212,7 @@ impl ModuleLoader for EmbeddedModuleLoader {
                 sub_path.as_deref(),
                 Some(&referrer),
                 NodeResolutionMode::Execution,
-              )?
-              .into_url(),
+              )?,
           )
         }
       },
@@ -205,15 +221,11 @@ impl ModuleLoader for EmbeddedModuleLoader {
         if let Ok(reference) =
           NpmPackageReqReference::from_specifier(&specifier)
         {
-          return self
-            .shared
-            .node_resolver
-            .resolve_req_reference(
-              &reference,
-              &referrer,
-              NodeResolutionMode::Execution,
-            )
-            .map(|res| res.into_url());
+          return self.shared.node_resolver.resolve_req_reference(
+            &reference,
+            &referrer,
+            NodeResolutionMode::Execution,
+          );
         }
 
         if specifier.scheme() == "jsr" {
@@ -317,17 +329,72 @@ impl ModuleLoader for EmbeddedModuleLoader {
 
     match self.shared.modules.read(original_specifier) {
       Ok(Some(module)) => {
+        let media_type = module.media_type;
         let (module_specifier, module_type, module_source) =
-          module.into_for_v8();
-        deno_core::ModuleLoadResponse::Sync(Ok(
-          deno_core::ModuleSource::new_with_redirect(
-            module_type,
-            module_source,
-            original_specifier,
-            module_specifier,
-            None,
-          ),
-        ))
+          module.into_parts();
+        let is_maybe_cjs = match self
+          .shared
+          .cjs_tracker
+          .is_maybe_cjs(original_specifier, media_type)
+        {
+          Ok(is_maybe_cjs) => is_maybe_cjs,
+          Err(err) => {
+            return deno_core::ModuleLoadResponse::Sync(Err(type_error(
+              format!("{:?}", err),
+            )));
+          }
+        };
+        if is_maybe_cjs {
+          let original_specifier = original_specifier.clone();
+          let module_specifier = module_specifier.clone();
+          let shared = self.shared.clone();
+          deno_core::ModuleLoadResponse::Async(
+            async move {
+              let source = match module_source {
+                DenoCompileModuleSource::String(string) => {
+                  Cow::Borrowed(string)
+                }
+                DenoCompileModuleSource::Bytes(module_code_bytes) => {
+                  match module_code_bytes {
+                    Cow::Owned(bytes) => Cow::Owned(
+                      crate::util::text_encoding::from_utf8_lossy_owned(bytes),
+                    ),
+                    Cow::Borrowed(bytes) => String::from_utf8_lossy(bytes),
+                  }
+                }
+              };
+              let source = shared
+                .node_code_translator
+                .translate_cjs_to_esm(&module_specifier, Some(source))
+                .await?;
+              let module_source = match source {
+                Cow::Owned(source) => ModuleSourceCode::String(source.into()),
+                Cow::Borrowed(source) => {
+                  ModuleSourceCode::String(FastString::from_static(source))
+                }
+              };
+              Ok(deno_core::ModuleSource::new_with_redirect(
+                module_type,
+                module_source,
+                &original_specifier,
+                &module_specifier,
+                None,
+              ))
+            }
+            .boxed_local(),
+          )
+        } else {
+          let module_source = module_source.into_for_v8();
+          deno_core::ModuleLoadResponse::Sync(Ok(
+            deno_core::ModuleSource::new_with_redirect(
+              module_type,
+              module_source,
+              original_specifier,
+              module_specifier,
+              None,
+            ),
+          ))
+        }
       }
       Ok(None) => deno_core::ModuleLoadResponse::Sync(Err(type_error(
         format!("{MODULE_NOT_FOUND}: {}", original_specifier),
@@ -339,32 +406,61 @@ impl ModuleLoader for EmbeddedModuleLoader {
   }
 }
 
+impl NodeRequireLoader for EmbeddedModuleLoader {
+  fn ensure_read_permission<'a>(
+    &self,
+    permissions: &mut dyn deno_runtime::deno_node::NodePermissions,
+    path: &'a std::path::Path,
+  ) -> Result<Cow<'a, std::path::Path>, AnyError> {
+    if self.shared.modules.has_file(path) {
+      // allow reading if the file is in the snapshot
+      return Ok(Cow::Borrowed(path));
+    }
+
+    self
+      .shared
+      .npm_resolver
+      .ensure_read_permission(permissions, path)
+  }
+
+  fn load_text_file_lossy(
+    &self,
+    path: &std::path::Path,
+  ) -> Result<String, AnyError> {
+    Ok(self.shared.fs.read_text_file_lossy_sync(path, None)?)
+  }
+}
+
 struct StandaloneModuleLoaderFactory {
   shared: Arc<SharedModuleLoaderState>,
 }
 
+impl StandaloneModuleLoaderFactory {
+  pub fn create_result(&self) -> CreateModuleLoaderResult {
+    let loader = Rc::new(EmbeddedModuleLoader {
+      shared: self.shared.clone(),
+    });
+    CreateModuleLoaderResult {
+      module_loader: loader.clone(),
+      node_require_loader: loader,
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 impl ModuleLoaderFactory for StandaloneModuleLoaderFactory {
   fn create_for_main(
     &self,
     _root_permissions: PermissionsContainer,
-  ) -> ModuleLoaderAndSourceMapGetter {
-    ModuleLoaderAndSourceMapGetter {
-      module_loader: Rc::new(EmbeddedModuleLoader {
-        shared: self.shared.clone(),
-      }),
-    }
+  ) -> CreateModuleLoaderResult {
+    self.create_result()
   }
 
   fn create_for_worker(
     &self,
     _parent_permissions: PermissionsContainer,
     _permissions: PermissionsContainer,
-  ) -> ModuleLoaderAndSourceMapGetter {
-    ModuleLoaderAndSourceMapGetter {
-      module_loader: Rc::new(EmbeddedModuleLoader {
-        shared: self.shared.clone(),
-      }),
-    }
+  ) -> CreateModuleLoaderResult {
+    self.create_result()
   }
 }
 
@@ -410,106 +506,155 @@ pub async fn run(data: StandaloneData) -> Result<i32, AnyError> {
   let main_module = root_dir_url.join(&metadata.entrypoint_key).unwrap();
   let npm_global_cache_dir = root_path.join(".deno_compile_node_modules");
   let cache_setting = CacheSetting::Only;
-  let npm_resolver = match metadata.node_modules {
+  let pkg_json_resolver = Arc::new(PackageJsonResolver::new(
+    deno_runtime::deno_node::DenoFsNodeResolverEnv::new(fs.clone()),
+  ));
+  let (in_npm_pkg_checker, npm_resolver) = match metadata.node_modules {
     Some(binary::NodeModules::Managed { node_modules_dir }) => {
+      // create an npmrc that uses the fake npm_registry_url to resolve packages
+      let npmrc = Arc::new(ResolvedNpmRc {
+        default_config: deno_npm::npm_rc::RegistryConfigWithUrl {
+          registry_url: npm_registry_url.clone(),
+          config: Default::default(),
+        },
+        scopes: Default::default(),
+        registry_configs: Default::default(),
+      });
+      let npm_cache_dir = Arc::new(NpmCacheDir::new(
+        &DenoCacheEnvFsAdapter(fs.as_ref()),
+        npm_global_cache_dir,
+        npmrc.get_all_known_registries_urls(),
+      ));
       let snapshot = npm_snapshot.unwrap();
       let maybe_node_modules_path = node_modules_dir
         .map(|node_modules_dir| root_path.join(node_modules_dir));
-      create_cli_npm_resolver(CliNpmResolverCreateOptions::Managed(
-        CliNpmResolverManagedCreateOptions {
-          snapshot: CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption::Specified(Some(
-            snapshot,
-          )),
-          maybe_lockfile: None,
-          fs: fs.clone(),
-          http_client_provider: http_client_provider.clone(),
-          npm_global_cache_dir,
-          cache_setting,
-          text_only_progress_bar: progress_bar,
-          maybe_node_modules_path,
-          npm_system_info: Default::default(),
-          npm_install_deps_provider: Arc::new(
-            // this is only used for installing packages, which isn't necessary with deno compile
-            NpmInstallDepsProvider::empty(),
-          ),
-          // create an npmrc that uses the fake npm_registry_url to resolve packages
-          npmrc: Arc::new(ResolvedNpmRc {
-            default_config: deno_npm::npm_rc::RegistryConfigWithUrl {
-              registry_url: npm_registry_url.clone(),
-              config: Default::default(),
-            },
-            scopes: Default::default(),
-            registry_configs: Default::default(),
-          }),
-          lifecycle_scripts: Default::default(),
-        },
-      ))
-      .await?
+      let in_npm_pkg_checker =
+        create_in_npm_pkg_checker(CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions::Managed(
+          CliManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions {
+            root_cache_dir_url: npm_cache_dir.root_dir_url(),
+            maybe_node_modules_path: maybe_node_modules_path.as_deref(),
+          },
+        ));
+      let npm_resolver =
+        create_cli_npm_resolver(CliNpmResolverCreateOptions::Managed(
+          CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions {
+            snapshot: CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption::Specified(Some(
+              snapshot,
+            )),
+            maybe_lockfile: None,
+            fs: fs.clone(),
+            http_client_provider: http_client_provider.clone(),
+            npm_cache_dir,
+            cache_setting,
+            text_only_progress_bar: progress_bar,
+            maybe_node_modules_path,
+            npm_system_info: Default::default(),
+            npm_install_deps_provider: Arc::new(
+              // this is only used for installing packages, which isn't necessary with deno compile
+              NpmInstallDepsProvider::empty(),
+            ),
+            npmrc,
+            lifecycle_scripts: Default::default(),
+          },
+        ))
+        .await?;
+      (in_npm_pkg_checker, npm_resolver)
     }
     Some(binary::NodeModules::Byonm {
       root_node_modules_dir,
     }) => {
       let root_node_modules_dir =
         root_node_modules_dir.map(|p| vfs.root().join(p));
-      create_cli_npm_resolver(CliNpmResolverCreateOptions::Byonm(
-        CliByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions {
+      let in_npm_pkg_checker =
+        create_in_npm_pkg_checker(CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions::Byonm);
+      let npm_resolver = create_cli_npm_resolver(
+        CliNpmResolverCreateOptions::Byonm(CliByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions {
           fs: CliDenoResolverFs(fs.clone()),
+          pkg_json_resolver: pkg_json_resolver.clone(),
           root_node_modules_dir,
-        },
-      ))
-      .await?
+        }),
+      )
+      .await?;
+      (in_npm_pkg_checker, npm_resolver)
     }
     None => {
-      create_cli_npm_resolver(CliNpmResolverCreateOptions::Managed(
-        CliNpmResolverManagedCreateOptions {
-          snapshot: CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption::Specified(None),
-          maybe_lockfile: None,
-          fs: fs.clone(),
-          http_client_provider: http_client_provider.clone(),
-          npm_global_cache_dir,
-          cache_setting,
-          text_only_progress_bar: progress_bar,
-          maybe_node_modules_path: None,
-          npm_system_info: Default::default(),
-          npm_install_deps_provider: Arc::new(
-            // this is only used for installing packages, which isn't necessary with deno compile
-            NpmInstallDepsProvider::empty(),
-          ),
-          // Packages from different registries are already inlined in the binary,
-          // so no need to create actual `.npmrc` configuration.
-          npmrc: create_default_npmrc(),
-          lifecycle_scripts: Default::default(),
-        },
-      ))
-      .await?
+      // Packages from different registries are already inlined in the binary,
+      // so no need to create actual `.npmrc` configuration.
+      let npmrc = create_default_npmrc();
+      let npm_cache_dir = Arc::new(NpmCacheDir::new(
+        &DenoCacheEnvFsAdapter(fs.as_ref()),
+        npm_global_cache_dir,
+        npmrc.get_all_known_registries_urls(),
+      ));
+      let in_npm_pkg_checker =
+        create_in_npm_pkg_checker(CreateInNpmPkgCheckerOptions::Managed(
+          CliManagedInNpmPkgCheckerCreateOptions {
+            root_cache_dir_url: npm_cache_dir.root_dir_url(),
+            maybe_node_modules_path: None,
+          },
+        ));
+      let npm_resolver =
+        create_cli_npm_resolver(CliNpmResolverCreateOptions::Managed(
+          CliManagedNpmResolverCreateOptions {
+            snapshot: CliNpmResolverManagedSnapshotOption::Specified(None),
+            maybe_lockfile: None,
+            fs: fs.clone(),
+            http_client_provider: http_client_provider.clone(),
+            npm_cache_dir,
+            cache_setting,
+            text_only_progress_bar: progress_bar,
+            maybe_node_modules_path: None,
+            npm_system_info: Default::default(),
+            npm_install_deps_provider: Arc::new(
+              // this is only used for installing packages, which isn't necessary with deno compile
+              NpmInstallDepsProvider::empty(),
+            ),
+            npmrc: create_default_npmrc(),
+            lifecycle_scripts: Default::default(),
+          },
+        ))
+        .await?;
+      (in_npm_pkg_checker, npm_resolver)
     }
   };
 
   let has_node_modules_dir = npm_resolver.root_node_modules_path().is_some();
   let node_resolver = Arc::new(NodeResolver::new(
     deno_runtime::deno_node::DenoFsNodeResolverEnv::new(fs.clone()),
+    in_npm_pkg_checker.clone(),
     npm_resolver.clone().into_npm_resolver(),
+    pkg_json_resolver.clone(),
+  ));
+  let cjs_tracker = Arc::new(CjsTracker::new(
+    in_npm_pkg_checker.clone(),
+    pkg_json_resolver.clone(),
+    CjsTrackerOptions {
+      unstable_detect_cjs: metadata.unstable_config.detect_cjs,
+    },
   ));
-  let cjs_resolutions = Arc::new(CjsResolutionStore::default());
   let cache_db = Caches::new(deno_dir_provider.clone());
   let node_analysis_cache = NodeAnalysisCache::new(cache_db.node_analysis_db());
   let cli_node_resolver = Arc::new(CliNodeResolver::new(
-    cjs_resolutions.clone(),
+    cjs_tracker.clone(),
     fs.clone(),
+    in_npm_pkg_checker.clone(),
     node_resolver.clone(),
     npm_resolver.clone(),
   ));
   let cjs_esm_code_analyzer = CliCjsCodeAnalyzer::new(
     node_analysis_cache,
+    cjs_tracker.clone(),
     fs.clone(),
-    cli_node_resolver.clone(),
     None,
+    false,
   );
   let node_code_translator = Arc::new(NodeCodeTranslator::new(
     cjs_esm_code_analyzer,
     deno_runtime::deno_node::DenoFsNodeResolverEnv::new(fs.clone()),
+    in_npm_pkg_checker,
     node_resolver.clone(),
     npm_resolver.clone().into_npm_resolver(),
+    pkg_json_resolver.clone(),
   ));
   let workspace_resolver = {
     let import_map = match metadata.workspace_resolver.import_map {
@@ -562,15 +707,18 @@ pub async fn run(data: StandaloneData) -> Result<i32, AnyError> {
   };
   let module_loader_factory = StandaloneModuleLoaderFactory {
     shared: Arc::new(SharedModuleLoaderState {
+      cjs_tracker: cjs_tracker.clone(),
+      fs: fs.clone(),
       modules,
-      workspace_resolver,
+      node_code_translator: node_code_translator.clone(),
       node_resolver: cli_node_resolver.clone(),
       npm_module_loader: Arc::new(NpmModuleLoader::new(
-        cjs_resolutions.clone(),
-        node_code_translator,
+        cjs_tracker.clone(),
         fs.clone(),
-        cli_node_resolver,
+        node_code_translator,
       )),
+      npm_resolver: npm_resolver.clone(),
+      workspace_resolver,
     }),
   };
 
@@ -609,7 +757,6 @@ pub async fn run(data: StandaloneData) -> Result<i32, AnyError> {
   });
   let worker_factory = CliMainWorkerFactory::new(
     Arc::new(BlobStore::default()),
-    cjs_resolutions,
     // Code cache is not supported for standalone binary yet.
     None,
     feature_checker,
@@ -620,6 +767,7 @@ pub async fn run(data: StandaloneData) -> Result<i32, AnyError> {
     Box::new(module_loader_factory),
     node_resolver,
     npm_resolver,
+    pkg_json_resolver,
     root_cert_store_provider,
     permissions,
     StorageKeyResolver::empty(),
@@ -635,7 +783,6 @@ pub async fn run(data: StandaloneData) -> Result<i32, AnyError> {
       inspect_wait: false,
       strace_ops: None,
       is_inspecting: false,
-      is_npm_main: main_module.scheme() == "npm",
       skip_op_registration: true,
       location: metadata.location,
       argv0: NpmPackageReqReference::from_specifier(&main_module)
@@ -652,7 +799,6 @@ pub async fn run(data: StandaloneData) -> Result<i32, AnyError> {
       node_ipc: None,
       serve_port: None,
       serve_host: None,
-      unstable_detect_cjs: metadata.unstable_config.detect_cjs,
     },
   );
 
diff --git a/cli/standalone/serialization.rs b/cli/standalone/serialization.rs
index 7b63c584e..a5eb649bf 100644
--- a/cli/standalone/serialization.rs
+++ b/cli/standalone/serialization.rs
@@ -214,14 +214,13 @@ impl RemoteModulesStoreBuilder {
   }
 }
 
-pub struct DenoCompileModuleData<'a> {
-  pub specifier: &'a Url,
-  pub media_type: MediaType,
-  pub data: Cow<'static, [u8]>,
+pub enum DenoCompileModuleSource {
+  String(&'static str),
+  Bytes(Cow<'static, [u8]>),
 }
 
-impl<'a> DenoCompileModuleData<'a> {
-  pub fn into_for_v8(self) -> (&'a Url, ModuleType, ModuleSourceCode) {
+impl DenoCompileModuleSource {
+  pub fn into_for_v8(self) -> ModuleSourceCode {
     fn into_bytes(data: Cow<'static, [u8]>) -> ModuleSourceCode {
       ModuleSourceCode::Bytes(match data {
         Cow::Borrowed(d) => d.into(),
@@ -229,16 +228,31 @@ impl<'a> DenoCompileModuleData<'a> {
       })
     }
 
-    fn into_string_unsafe(data: Cow<'static, [u8]>) -> ModuleSourceCode {
+    match self {
       // todo(https://github.com/denoland/deno_core/pull/943): store whether
       // the string is ascii or not ahead of time so we can avoid the is_ascii()
       // check in FastString::from_static
+      Self::String(s) => ModuleSourceCode::String(FastString::from_static(s)),
+      Self::Bytes(b) => into_bytes(b),
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+pub struct DenoCompileModuleData<'a> {
+  pub specifier: &'a Url,
+  pub media_type: MediaType,
+  pub data: Cow<'static, [u8]>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> DenoCompileModuleData<'a> {
+  pub fn into_parts(self) -> (&'a Url, ModuleType, DenoCompileModuleSource) {
+    fn into_string_unsafe(data: Cow<'static, [u8]>) -> DenoCompileModuleSource {
       match data {
-        Cow::Borrowed(d) => ModuleSourceCode::String(
+        Cow::Borrowed(d) => DenoCompileModuleSource::String(
           // SAFETY: we know this is a valid utf8 string
-          unsafe { FastString::from_static(std::str::from_utf8_unchecked(d)) },
+          unsafe { std::str::from_utf8_unchecked(d) },
         ),
-        Cow::Owned(d) => ModuleSourceCode::Bytes(d.into_boxed_slice().into()),
+        Cow::Owned(d) => DenoCompileModuleSource::Bytes(Cow::Owned(d)),
       }
     }
 
@@ -257,11 +271,14 @@ impl<'a> DenoCompileModuleData<'a> {
         (ModuleType::JavaScript, into_string_unsafe(self.data))
       }
       MediaType::Json => (ModuleType::Json, into_string_unsafe(self.data)),
-      MediaType::Wasm => (ModuleType::Wasm, into_bytes(self.data)),
-      // just assume javascript if we made it here
-      MediaType::TsBuildInfo | MediaType::SourceMap | MediaType::Unknown => {
-        (ModuleType::JavaScript, into_bytes(self.data))
+      MediaType::Wasm => {
+        (ModuleType::Wasm, DenoCompileModuleSource::Bytes(self.data))
       }
+      // just assume javascript if we made it here
+      MediaType::Css | MediaType::SourceMap | MediaType::Unknown => (
+        ModuleType::JavaScript,
+        DenoCompileModuleSource::Bytes(self.data),
+      ),
     };
     (self.specifier, media_type, source)
   }
@@ -551,7 +568,7 @@ fn serialize_media_type(media_type: MediaType) -> u8 {
     MediaType::Tsx => 10,
     MediaType::Json => 11,
     MediaType::Wasm => 12,
-    MediaType::TsBuildInfo => 13,
+    MediaType::Css => 13,
     MediaType::SourceMap => 14,
     MediaType::Unknown => 15,
   }
@@ -572,7 +589,7 @@ fn deserialize_media_type(value: u8) -> Result<MediaType, AnyError> {
     10 => Ok(MediaType::Tsx),
     11 => Ok(MediaType::Json),
     12 => Ok(MediaType::Wasm),
-    13 => Ok(MediaType::TsBuildInfo),
+    13 => Ok(MediaType::Css),
     14 => Ok(MediaType::SourceMap),
     15 => Ok(MediaType::Unknown),
     _ => bail!("Unknown media type value: {}", value),
diff --git a/cli/tools/bench/mod.rs b/cli/tools/bench/mod.rs
index be5d0ad0e..272d06335 100644
--- a/cli/tools/bench/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/bench/mod.rs
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ async fn bench_specifier_inner(
     .await?;
 
   // We execute the main module as a side module so that import.meta.main is not set.
-  worker.execute_side_module_possibly_with_npm().await?;
+  worker.execute_side_module().await?;
 
   let mut worker = worker.into_main_worker();
 
diff --git a/cli/tools/check.rs b/cli/tools/check.rs
index 7edb392d4..d88027888 100644
--- a/cli/tools/check.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/check.rs
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ use crate::graph_util::ModuleGraphBuilder;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
 use crate::tsc;
 use crate::tsc::Diagnostics;
+use crate::tsc::TypeCheckingCjsTracker;
 use crate::util::extract;
 use crate::util::path::to_percent_decoded_str;
 
@@ -99,6 +100,7 @@ pub struct CheckOptions {
 
 pub struct TypeChecker {
   caches: Arc<Caches>,
+  cjs_tracker: Arc<TypeCheckingCjsTracker>,
   cli_options: Arc<CliOptions>,
   module_graph_builder: Arc<ModuleGraphBuilder>,
   node_resolver: Arc<NodeResolver>,
@@ -108,6 +110,7 @@ pub struct TypeChecker {
 impl TypeChecker {
   pub fn new(
     caches: Arc<Caches>,
+    cjs_tracker: Arc<TypeCheckingCjsTracker>,
     cli_options: Arc<CliOptions>,
     module_graph_builder: Arc<ModuleGraphBuilder>,
     node_resolver: Arc<NodeResolver>,
@@ -115,6 +118,7 @@ impl TypeChecker {
   ) -> Self {
     Self {
       caches,
+      cjs_tracker,
       cli_options,
       module_graph_builder,
       node_resolver,
@@ -244,6 +248,7 @@ impl TypeChecker {
       graph: graph.clone(),
       hash_data,
       maybe_npm: Some(tsc::RequestNpmState {
+        cjs_tracker: self.cjs_tracker.clone(),
         node_resolver: self.node_resolver.clone(),
         npm_resolver: self.npm_resolver.clone(),
       }),
@@ -346,7 +351,7 @@ fn get_check_hash(
             }
           }
           MediaType::Json
-          | MediaType::TsBuildInfo
+          | MediaType::Css
           | MediaType::SourceMap
           | MediaType::Wasm
           | MediaType::Unknown => continue,
@@ -428,7 +433,7 @@ fn get_tsc_roots(
         }
         MediaType::Json
         | MediaType::Wasm
-        | MediaType::TsBuildInfo
+        | MediaType::Css
         | MediaType::SourceMap
         | MediaType::Unknown => None,
       },
@@ -536,7 +541,7 @@ fn has_ts_check(media_type: MediaType, file_text: &str) -> bool {
     | MediaType::Tsx
     | MediaType::Json
     | MediaType::Wasm
-    | MediaType::TsBuildInfo
+    | MediaType::Css
     | MediaType::SourceMap
     | MediaType::Unknown => false,
   }
diff --git a/cli/tools/compile.rs b/cli/tools/compile.rs
index 5a4a938bb..b3e999337 100644
--- a/cli/tools/compile.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/compile.rs
@@ -53,16 +53,6 @@ pub async fn compile(
     );
   }
 
-  if cli_options.unstable_detect_cjs() {
-    log::warn!(
-      concat!(
-        "{} --unstable-detect-cjs is not properly supported in deno compile. ",
-        "The compiled executable may encounter runtime errors.",
-      ),
-      crate::colors::yellow("Warning"),
-    );
-  }
-
   let output_path = resolve_compile_executable_output_path(
     http_client,
     &compile_flags,
diff --git a/cli/tools/coverage/mod.rs b/cli/tools/coverage/mod.rs
index 48922f144..f59333247 100644
--- a/cli/tools/coverage/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/coverage/mod.rs
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ use crate::args::FileFlags;
 use crate::args::Flags;
 use crate::cdp;
 use crate::factory::CliFactory;
-use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
 use crate::tools::fmt::format_json;
 use crate::tools::test::is_supported_test_path;
 use crate::util::text_encoding::source_map_from_code;
 
 use deno_ast::MediaType;
+use deno_ast::ModuleKind;
 use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
 use deno_config::glob::FileCollector;
 use deno_config::glob::FilePatterns;
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ use deno_core::serde_json;
 use deno_core::sourcemap::SourceMap;
 use deno_core::url::Url;
 use deno_core::LocalInspectorSession;
+use node_resolver::InNpmPackageChecker;
 use regex::Regex;
 use std::fs;
 use std::fs::File;
@@ -461,7 +462,7 @@ fn filter_coverages(
   coverages: Vec<cdp::ScriptCoverage>,
   include: Vec<String>,
   exclude: Vec<String>,
-  npm_resolver: &dyn CliNpmResolver,
+  in_npm_pkg_checker: &dyn InNpmPackageChecker,
 ) -> Vec<cdp::ScriptCoverage> {
   let include: Vec<Regex> =
     include.iter().map(|e| Regex::new(e).unwrap()).collect();
@@ -485,7 +486,7 @@ fn filter_coverages(
         || doc_test_re.is_match(e.url.as_str())
         || Url::parse(&e.url)
           .ok()
-          .map(|url| npm_resolver.in_npm_package(&url))
+          .map(|url| in_npm_pkg_checker.in_npm_package(&url))
           .unwrap_or(false);
 
       let is_included = include.iter().any(|p| p.is_match(&e.url));
@@ -496,7 +497,7 @@ fn filter_coverages(
     .collect::<Vec<cdp::ScriptCoverage>>()
 }
 
-pub async fn cover_files(
+pub fn cover_files(
   flags: Arc<Flags>,
   coverage_flags: CoverageFlags,
 ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
@@ -506,9 +507,10 @@ pub async fn cover_files(
 
   let factory = CliFactory::from_flags(flags);
   let cli_options = factory.cli_options()?;
-  let npm_resolver = factory.npm_resolver().await?;
+  let in_npm_pkg_checker = factory.in_npm_pkg_checker()?;
   let file_fetcher = factory.file_fetcher()?;
   let emitter = factory.emitter()?;
+  let cjs_tracker = factory.cjs_tracker()?;
 
   assert!(!coverage_flags.files.include.is_empty());
 
@@ -528,7 +530,7 @@ pub async fn cover_files(
     script_coverages,
     coverage_flags.include,
     coverage_flags.exclude,
-    npm_resolver.as_ref(),
+    in_npm_pkg_checker.as_ref(),
   );
   if script_coverages.is_empty() {
     return Err(generic_error("No covered files included in the report"));
@@ -585,6 +587,8 @@ pub async fn cover_files(
     let transpiled_code = match file.media_type {
       MediaType::JavaScript
       | MediaType::Unknown
+      | MediaType::Css
+      | MediaType::Wasm
       | MediaType::Cjs
       | MediaType::Mjs
       | MediaType::Json => None,
@@ -594,7 +598,10 @@ pub async fn cover_files(
       | MediaType::Mts
       | MediaType::Cts
       | MediaType::Tsx => {
-        Some(match emitter.maybe_cached_emit(&file.specifier, &file.source) {
+        let module_kind = ModuleKind::from_is_cjs(
+          cjs_tracker.is_maybe_cjs(&file.specifier, file.media_type)?,
+        );
+        Some(match emitter.maybe_cached_emit(&file.specifier, module_kind, &file.source) {
           Some(code) => code,
           None => {
             return Err(anyhow!(
@@ -605,7 +612,7 @@ pub async fn cover_files(
           }
         })
       }
-      MediaType::Wasm | MediaType::TsBuildInfo | MediaType::SourceMap => {
+      MediaType::SourceMap => {
         unreachable!()
       }
     };
diff --git a/cli/tools/doc.rs b/cli/tools/doc.rs
index 5e18546a2..e33da4efb 100644
--- a/cli/tools/doc.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/doc.rs
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ use deno_core::serde_json;
 use deno_doc as doc;
 use deno_doc::html::UrlResolveKind;
 use deno_graph::source::NullFileSystem;
+use deno_graph::EsParser;
 use deno_graph::GraphKind;
 use deno_graph::ModuleAnalyzer;
-use deno_graph::ModuleParser;
 use deno_graph::ModuleSpecifier;
 use doc::html::ShortPath;
 use doc::DocDiagnostic;
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ const JSON_SCHEMA_VERSION: u8 = 1;
 
 async fn generate_doc_nodes_for_builtin_types(
   doc_flags: DocFlags,
-  parser: &dyn ModuleParser,
+  parser: &dyn EsParser,
   analyzer: &dyn ModuleAnalyzer,
 ) -> Result<IndexMap<ModuleSpecifier, Vec<doc::DocNode>>, AnyError> {
   let source_file_specifier =
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ pub async fn doc(
   let module_info_cache = factory.module_info_cache()?;
   let parsed_source_cache = factory.parsed_source_cache();
   let capturing_parser = parsed_source_cache.as_capturing_parser();
-  let analyzer = module_info_cache.as_module_analyzer(parsed_source_cache);
+  let analyzer = module_info_cache.as_module_analyzer();
 
   let doc_nodes_by_url = match doc_flags.source_files {
     DocSourceFileFlag::Builtin => {
diff --git a/cli/tools/registry/tar.rs b/cli/tools/registry/tar.rs
index aca125e00..6d1801ce6 100644
--- a/cli/tools/registry/tar.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/registry/tar.rs
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ fn resolve_content_maybe_unfurling(
         | MediaType::Unknown
         | MediaType::Json
         | MediaType::Wasm
-        | MediaType::TsBuildInfo => {
+        | MediaType::Css => {
           // not unfurlable data
           return Ok(data);
         }
diff --git a/cli/tools/repl/session.rs b/cli/tools/repl/session.rs
index 484664dae..23b0f11ac 100644
--- a/cli/tools/repl/session.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/repl/session.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ use deno_ast::swc::visit::noop_visit_type;
 use deno_ast::swc::visit::Visit;
 use deno_ast::swc::visit::VisitWith;
 use deno_ast::ImportsNotUsedAsValues;
+use deno_ast::ModuleKind;
 use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
 use deno_ast::ParseDiagnosticsError;
 use deno_ast::ParsedSource;
@@ -641,6 +642,10 @@ impl ReplSession {
           jsx_fragment_factory: self.jsx.frag_factory.clone(),
           jsx_import_source: self.jsx.import_source.clone(),
           var_decl_imports: true,
+          verbatim_module_syntax: false,
+        },
+        &deno_ast::TranspileModuleOptions {
+          module_kind: Some(ModuleKind::Esm),
         },
         &deno_ast::EmitOptions {
           source_map: deno_ast::SourceMapOption::None,
@@ -651,7 +656,6 @@ impl ReplSession {
         },
       )?
       .into_source()
-      .into_string()?
       .text;
 
     let value = self
diff --git a/cli/tools/run/hmr.rs b/cli/tools/run/hmr.rs
index 6ccf8e344..6cebedd01 100644
--- a/cli/tools/run/hmr.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/run/hmr.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 // Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
 
-use crate::cdp;
-use crate::emit::Emitter;
-use crate::util::file_watcher::WatcherCommunicator;
-use crate::util::file_watcher::WatcherRestartMode;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use deno_ast::MediaType;
+use deno_ast::ModuleKind;
 use deno_core::error::generic_error;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::futures::StreamExt;
@@ -12,11 +14,14 @@ use deno_core::serde_json::{self};
 use deno_core::url::Url;
 use deno_core::LocalInspectorSession;
 use deno_terminal::colors;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 use tokio::select;
 
+use crate::cdp;
+use crate::emit::Emitter;
+use crate::resolver::CjsTracker;
+use crate::util::file_watcher::WatcherCommunicator;
+use crate::util::file_watcher::WatcherRestartMode;
+
 fn explain(status: &cdp::Status) -> &'static str {
   match status {
     cdp::Status::Ok => "OK",
@@ -58,6 +63,7 @@ pub struct HmrRunner {
   session: LocalInspectorSession,
   watcher_communicator: Arc<WatcherCommunicator>,
   script_ids: HashMap<String, String>,
+  cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
   emitter: Arc<Emitter>,
 }
 
@@ -139,7 +145,8 @@ impl crate::worker::HmrRunner for HmrRunner {
             };
 
             let source_code = self.emitter.load_and_emit_for_hmr(
-              &module_url
+              &module_url,
+              ModuleKind::from_is_cjs(self.cjs_tracker.is_maybe_cjs(&module_url, MediaType::from_specifier(&module_url))?),
             ).await?;
 
             let mut tries = 1;
@@ -172,12 +179,14 @@ impl crate::worker::HmrRunner for HmrRunner {
 
 impl HmrRunner {
   pub fn new(
+    cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
     emitter: Arc<Emitter>,
     session: LocalInspectorSession,
     watcher_communicator: Arc<WatcherCommunicator>,
   ) -> Self {
     Self {
       session,
+      cjs_tracker,
       emitter,
       watcher_communicator,
       script_ids: HashMap::new(),
diff --git a/cli/tools/test/mod.rs b/cli/tools/test/mod.rs
index e81abad0b..fa849614f 100644
--- a/cli/tools/test/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/test/mod.rs
@@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ async fn configure_main_worker(
       "Deno[Deno.internal].core.setLeakTracingEnabled(true);",
     )?;
   }
-  let res = worker.execute_side_module_possibly_with_npm().await;
+  let res = worker.execute_side_module().await;
   let mut worker = worker.into_main_worker();
   match res {
     Ok(()) => Ok(()),
diff --git a/cli/tsc/99_main_compiler.js b/cli/tsc/99_main_compiler.js
index 6011dece7..bdc4340e3 100644
--- a/cli/tsc/99_main_compiler.js
+++ b/cli/tsc/99_main_compiler.js
@@ -845,6 +845,8 @@ delete Object.prototype.__proto__;
         jqueryMessage,
       "Cannot_find_name_0_Do_you_need_to_install_type_definitions_for_jQuery_Try_npm_i_save_dev_types_Slash_2592":
         jqueryMessage,
+      "Module_0_was_resolved_to_1_but_allowArbitraryExtensions_is_not_set_6263":
+        "Module '{0}' was resolved to '{1}', but importing these modules is not supported.",
     };
   })());
 
diff --git a/cli/tsc/diagnostics.rs b/cli/tsc/diagnostics.rs
index b0394ec17..d3795706e 100644
--- a/cli/tsc/diagnostics.rs
+++ b/cli/tsc/diagnostics.rs
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ impl Diagnostics {
             // todo(dsherret): use a short lived cache to prevent parsing
             // source maps so often
             if let Ok(source_map) =
-              SourceMap::from_slice(&fast_check_module.source_map)
+              SourceMap::from_slice(fast_check_module.source_map.as_bytes())
             {
               if let Some(start) = d.start.as_mut() {
                 let maybe_token = source_map
diff --git a/cli/tsc/mod.rs b/cli/tsc/mod.rs
index de91889b6..dc7fc38f7 100644
--- a/cli/tsc/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/tsc/mod.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@
 use crate::args::TsConfig;
 use crate::args::TypeCheckMode;
 use crate::cache::FastInsecureHasher;
+use crate::cache::ModuleInfoCache;
 use crate::node;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
 use crate::npm::ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError;
+use crate::resolver::CjsTracker;
 use crate::util::checksum;
 use crate::util::path::mapped_specifier_for_tsc;
 
@@ -32,13 +34,13 @@ use deno_graph::GraphKind;
 use deno_graph::Module;
 use deno_graph::ModuleGraph;
 use deno_graph::ResolutionResolved;
+use deno_runtime::deno_fs;
 use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodeResolver;
 use deno_semver::npm::NpmPackageReqReference;
 use node_resolver::errors::NodeJsErrorCode;
 use node_resolver::errors::NodeJsErrorCoded;
-use node_resolver::errors::ResolvePkgSubpathFromDenoModuleError;
+use node_resolver::errors::PackageSubpathResolveError;
 use node_resolver::NodeModuleKind;
-use node_resolver::NodeResolution;
 use node_resolver::NodeResolutionMode;
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use std::borrow::Cow;
@@ -302,8 +304,76 @@ pub struct EmittedFile {
   pub media_type: MediaType,
 }
 
+pub fn into_specifier_and_media_type(
+  specifier: Option<ModuleSpecifier>,
+) -> (ModuleSpecifier, MediaType) {
+  match specifier {
+    Some(specifier) => {
+      let media_type = MediaType::from_specifier(&specifier);
+
+      (specifier, media_type)
+    }
+    None => (
+      Url::parse("internal:///missing_dependency.d.ts").unwrap(),
+      MediaType::Dts,
+    ),
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct TypeCheckingCjsTracker {
+  cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
+  module_info_cache: Arc<ModuleInfoCache>,
+}
+
+impl TypeCheckingCjsTracker {
+  pub fn new(
+    cjs_tracker: Arc<CjsTracker>,
+    module_info_cache: Arc<ModuleInfoCache>,
+  ) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      cjs_tracker,
+      module_info_cache,
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn is_cjs(
+    &self,
+    specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
+    media_type: MediaType,
+    code: &Arc<str>,
+  ) -> bool {
+    if let Some(module_kind) =
+      self.cjs_tracker.get_known_kind(specifier, media_type)
+    {
+      module_kind.is_cjs()
+    } else {
+      let maybe_is_script = self
+        .module_info_cache
+        .as_module_analyzer()
+        .analyze_sync(specifier, media_type, code)
+        .ok()
+        .map(|info| info.is_script);
+      maybe_is_script
+        .and_then(|is_script| {
+          self
+            .cjs_tracker
+            .is_cjs_with_known_is_script(specifier, media_type, is_script)
+            .ok()
+        })
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+          self
+            .cjs_tracker
+            .is_maybe_cjs(specifier, media_type)
+            .unwrap_or(false)
+        })
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct RequestNpmState {
+  pub cjs_tracker: Arc<TypeCheckingCjsTracker>,
   pub node_resolver: Arc<NodeResolver>,
   pub npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
 }
@@ -456,7 +526,7 @@ pub fn as_ts_script_kind(media_type: MediaType) -> i32 {
     MediaType::Tsx => 4,
     MediaType::Json => 6,
     MediaType::SourceMap
-    | MediaType::TsBuildInfo
+    | MediaType::Css
     | MediaType::Wasm
     | MediaType::Unknown => 0,
   }
@@ -489,25 +559,22 @@ fn op_load_inner(
 ) -> Result<Option<LoadResponse>, AnyError> {
   fn load_from_node_modules(
     specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
-    node_resolver: Option<&NodeResolver>,
+    npm_state: Option<&RequestNpmState>,
     media_type: &mut MediaType,
     is_cjs: &mut bool,
   ) -> Result<String, AnyError> {
     *media_type = MediaType::from_specifier(specifier);
-    *is_cjs = node_resolver
-      .map(|node_resolver| {
-        match node_resolver.url_to_node_resolution(specifier.clone()) {
-          Ok(NodeResolution::CommonJs(_)) => true,
-          Ok(NodeResolution::Esm(_))
-          | Ok(NodeResolution::BuiltIn(_))
-          | Err(_) => false,
-        }
-      })
-      .unwrap_or(false);
     let file_path = specifier.to_file_path().unwrap();
     let code = std::fs::read_to_string(&file_path)
       .with_context(|| format!("Unable to load {}", file_path.display()))?;
-    Ok(code)
+    let code: Arc<str> = code.into();
+    *is_cjs = npm_state
+      .map(|npm_state| {
+        npm_state.cjs_tracker.is_cjs(specifier, *media_type, &code)
+      })
+      .unwrap_or(false);
+    // todo(dsherret): how to avoid cloning here?
+    Ok(code.to_string())
   }
 
   let state = state.borrow_mut::<State>();
@@ -560,6 +627,9 @@ fn op_load_inner(
       match module {
         Module::Js(module) => {
           media_type = module.media_type;
+          if matches!(media_type, MediaType::Cjs | MediaType::Cts) {
+            is_cjs = true;
+          }
           let source = module
             .fast_check_module()
             .map(|m| &*m.source)
@@ -573,11 +643,13 @@ fn op_load_inner(
         Module::Npm(_) | Module::Node(_) => None,
         Module::External(module) => {
           // means it's Deno code importing an npm module
-          let specifier =
-            node::resolve_specifier_into_node_modules(&module.specifier);
+          let specifier = node::resolve_specifier_into_node_modules(
+            &module.specifier,
+            &deno_fs::RealFs,
+          );
           Some(Cow::Owned(load_from_node_modules(
             &specifier,
-            state.maybe_npm.as_ref().map(|n| n.node_resolver.as_ref()),
+            state.maybe_npm.as_ref(),
             &mut media_type,
             &mut is_cjs,
           )?))
@@ -590,7 +662,7 @@ fn op_load_inner(
     {
       Some(Cow::Owned(load_from_node_modules(
         specifier,
-        Some(npm.node_resolver.as_ref()),
+        Some(npm),
         &mut media_type,
         &mut is_cjs,
       )?))
@@ -739,7 +811,13 @@ fn op_resolve_inner(
             }
           }
         };
-        (specifier_str, media_type.as_ts_extension())
+        (
+          specifier_str,
+          match media_type {
+            MediaType::Css => ".js", // surface these as .js for typescript
+            media_type => media_type.as_ts_extension(),
+          },
+        )
       }
       None => (
         MISSING_DEPENDENCY_SPECIFIER.to_string(),
@@ -810,29 +888,27 @@ fn resolve_graph_specifier_types(
             Some(referrer),
             NodeResolutionMode::Types,
           );
-        let maybe_resolution = match res_result {
-          Ok(res) => Some(res),
+        let maybe_url = match res_result {
+          Ok(url) => Some(url),
           Err(err) => match err.code() {
             NodeJsErrorCode::ERR_TYPES_NOT_FOUND
             | NodeJsErrorCode::ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND => None,
             _ => return Err(err.into()),
           },
         };
-        Ok(Some(NodeResolution::into_specifier_and_media_type(
-          maybe_resolution,
-        )))
+        Ok(Some(into_specifier_and_media_type(maybe_url)))
       } else {
         Ok(None)
       }
     }
     Some(Module::External(module)) => {
       // we currently only use "External" for when the module is in an npm package
-      Ok(state.maybe_npm.as_ref().map(|npm| {
-        let specifier =
-          node::resolve_specifier_into_node_modules(&module.specifier);
-        NodeResolution::into_specifier_and_media_type(
-          npm.node_resolver.url_to_node_resolution(specifier).ok(),
-        )
+      Ok(state.maybe_npm.as_ref().map(|_| {
+        let specifier = node::resolve_specifier_into_node_modules(
+          &module.specifier,
+          &deno_fs::RealFs,
+        );
+        into_specifier_and_media_type(Some(specifier))
       }))
     }
     Some(Module::Node(_)) | None => Ok(None),
@@ -844,7 +920,7 @@ enum ResolveNonGraphSpecifierTypesError {
   #[error(transparent)]
   ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReq(#[from] ResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError),
   #[error(transparent)]
-  ResolvePkgSubpathFromDenoModule(#[from] ResolvePkgSubpathFromDenoModuleError),
+  PackageSubpathResolve(#[from] PackageSubpathResolveError),
 }
 
 fn resolve_non_graph_specifier_types(
@@ -863,7 +939,7 @@ fn resolve_non_graph_specifier_types(
   let node_resolver = &npm.node_resolver;
   if node_resolver.in_npm_package(referrer) {
     // we're in an npm package, so use node resolution
-    Ok(Some(NodeResolution::into_specifier_and_media_type(
+    Ok(Some(into_specifier_and_media_type(
       node_resolver
         .resolve(
           raw_specifier,
@@ -871,7 +947,8 @@ fn resolve_non_graph_specifier_types(
           referrer_kind,
           NodeResolutionMode::Types,
         )
-        .ok(),
+        .ok()
+        .map(|res| res.into_url()),
     )))
   } else if let Ok(npm_req_ref) =
     NpmPackageReqReference::from_str(raw_specifier)
@@ -890,17 +967,15 @@ fn resolve_non_graph_specifier_types(
       Some(referrer),
       NodeResolutionMode::Types,
     );
-    let maybe_resolution = match res_result {
-      Ok(res) => Some(res),
+    let maybe_url = match res_result {
+      Ok(url) => Some(url),
       Err(err) => match err.code() {
         NodeJsErrorCode::ERR_TYPES_NOT_FOUND
         | NodeJsErrorCode::ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND => None,
         _ => return Err(err.into()),
       },
     };
-    Ok(Some(NodeResolution::into_specifier_and_media_type(
-      maybe_resolution,
-    )))
+    Ok(Some(into_specifier_and_media_type(maybe_url)))
   } else {
     Ok(None)
   }
diff --git a/cli/util/extract.rs b/cli/util/extract.rs
index 873b7e7f2..f577cbefe 100644
--- a/cli/util/extract.rs
+++ b/cli/util/extract.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ fn extract_inner(
   }) {
     Ok(parsed) => {
       let mut c = ExportCollector::default();
-      c.visit_program(parsed.program_ref());
+      c.visit_program(parsed.program().as_ref());
       c
     }
     Err(_) => ExportCollector::default(),
@@ -570,14 +570,14 @@ fn generate_pseudo_file(
   })?;
 
   let top_level_atoms = swc_utils::collect_decls_with_ctxt::<Atom, _>(
-    parsed.program_ref(),
+    &parsed.program_ref(),
     parsed.top_level_context(),
   );
 
   let transformed =
     parsed
       .program_ref()
-      .clone()
+      .to_owned()
       .fold_with(&mut as_folder(Transform {
         specifier: &file.specifier,
         base_file_specifier,
@@ -1416,7 +1416,7 @@ console.log(Foo);
       })
       .unwrap();
 
-      collector.visit_program(parsed.program_ref());
+      parsed.program_ref().visit_with(&mut collector);
       collector
     }
 
diff --git a/cli/util/logger.rs b/cli/util/logger.rs
index cdc89411f..d93753dfd 100644
--- a/cli/util/logger.rs
+++ b/cli/util/logger.rs
@@ -65,6 +65,8 @@ pub fn init(maybe_level: Option<log::Level>) {
   .filter_module("swc_ecma_parser", log::LevelFilter::Error)
   // Suppress span lifecycle logs since they are too verbose
   .filter_module("tracing::span", log::LevelFilter::Off)
+  // for deno_compile, this is too verbose
+  .filter_module("editpe", log::LevelFilter::Error)
   .format(|buf, record| {
     let mut target = record.target().to_string();
     if let Some(line_no) = record.line() {
diff --git a/cli/util/path.rs b/cli/util/path.rs
index e4ae6e7cb..58bed664f 100644
--- a/cli/util/path.rs
+++ b/cli/util/path.rs
@@ -42,21 +42,6 @@ pub fn get_extension(file_path: &Path) -> Option<String> {
     .map(|e| e.to_lowercase());
 }
 
-pub fn specifier_has_extension(
-  specifier: &ModuleSpecifier,
-  searching_ext: &str,
-) -> bool {
-  let Some((_, ext)) = specifier.path().rsplit_once('.') else {
-    return false;
-  };
-  let searching_ext = searching_ext.strip_prefix('.').unwrap_or(searching_ext);
-  debug_assert!(!searching_ext.contains('.')); // exts like .d.ts are not implemented here
-  if ext.len() != searching_ext.len() {
-    return false;
-  }
-  ext.eq_ignore_ascii_case(searching_ext)
-}
-
 pub fn get_atomic_dir_path(file_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
   let rand = gen_rand_path_component();
   let new_file_name = format!(
@@ -351,18 +336,6 @@ mod test {
   }
 
   #[test]
-  fn test_specifier_has_extension() {
-    fn get(specifier: &str, ext: &str) -> bool {
-      specifier_has_extension(&ModuleSpecifier::parse(specifier).unwrap(), ext)
-    }
-
-    assert!(get("file:///a/b/c.ts", "ts"));
-    assert!(get("file:///a/b/c.ts", ".ts"));
-    assert!(!get("file:///a/b/c.ts", ".cts"));
-    assert!(get("file:///a/b/c.CtS", ".cts"));
-  }
-
-  #[test]
   fn test_to_percent_decoded_str() {
     let str = to_percent_decoded_str("%F0%9F%A6%95");
     assert_eq!(str, "🦕");
diff --git a/cli/util/text_encoding.rs b/cli/util/text_encoding.rs
index df72cc2be..8524e63eb 100644
--- a/cli/util/text_encoding.rs
+++ b/cli/util/text_encoding.rs
@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@ fn find_source_map_range(code: &[u8]) -> Option<Range<usize>> {
 }
 
 /// Converts an `Arc<str>` to an `Arc<[u8]>`.
+#[allow(dead_code)]
 pub fn arc_str_to_bytes(arc_str: Arc<str>) -> Arc<[u8]> {
   let raw = Arc::into_raw(arc_str);
   // SAFETY: This is safe because they have the same memory layout.
diff --git a/cli/worker.rs b/cli/worker.rs
index e230197d2..baacd681a 100644
--- a/cli/worker.rs
+++ b/cli/worker.rs
@@ -14,16 +14,17 @@ use deno_core::v8;
 use deno_core::CompiledWasmModuleStore;
 use deno_core::Extension;
 use deno_core::FeatureChecker;
-use deno_core::ModuleId;
 use deno_core::ModuleLoader;
 use deno_core::PollEventLoopOptions;
 use deno_core::SharedArrayBufferStore;
 use deno_runtime::code_cache;
 use deno_runtime::deno_broadcast_channel::InMemoryBroadcastChannel;
 use deno_runtime::deno_fs;
-use deno_runtime::deno_node;
 use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodeExtInitServices;
+use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodeRequireLoader;
+use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodeRequireLoaderRc;
 use deno_runtime::deno_node::NodeResolver;
+use deno_runtime::deno_node::PackageJsonResolver;
 use deno_runtime::deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
 use deno_runtime::deno_tls::RootCertStoreProvider;
 use deno_runtime::deno_web::BlobStore;
@@ -42,7 +43,6 @@ use deno_runtime::WorkerExecutionMode;
 use deno_runtime::WorkerLogLevel;
 use deno_semver::npm::NpmPackageReqReference;
 use deno_terminal::colors;
-use node_resolver::NodeResolution;
 use node_resolver::NodeResolutionMode;
 use tokio::select;
 
@@ -51,28 +51,27 @@ use crate::args::DenoSubcommand;
 use crate::args::StorageKeyResolver;
 use crate::errors;
 use crate::npm::CliNpmResolver;
-use crate::resolver::CjsResolutionStore;
 use crate::util::checksum;
 use crate::util::file_watcher::WatcherCommunicator;
 use crate::util::file_watcher::WatcherRestartMode;
-use crate::util::path::specifier_has_extension;
 use crate::version;
 
-pub struct ModuleLoaderAndSourceMapGetter {
+pub struct CreateModuleLoaderResult {
   pub module_loader: Rc<dyn ModuleLoader>,
+  pub node_require_loader: Rc<dyn NodeRequireLoader>,
 }
 
 pub trait ModuleLoaderFactory: Send + Sync {
   fn create_for_main(
     &self,
     root_permissions: PermissionsContainer,
-  ) -> ModuleLoaderAndSourceMapGetter;
+  ) -> CreateModuleLoaderResult;
 
   fn create_for_worker(
     &self,
     parent_permissions: PermissionsContainer,
     permissions: PermissionsContainer,
-  ) -> ModuleLoaderAndSourceMapGetter;
+  ) -> CreateModuleLoaderResult;
 }
 
 #[async_trait::async_trait(?Send)]
@@ -109,7 +108,6 @@ pub struct CliMainWorkerOptions {
   pub inspect_wait: bool,
   pub strace_ops: Option<Vec<String>>,
   pub is_inspecting: bool,
-  pub is_npm_main: bool,
   pub location: Option<Url>,
   pub argv0: Option<String>,
   pub node_debug: Option<String>,
@@ -122,13 +120,11 @@ pub struct CliMainWorkerOptions {
   pub node_ipc: Option<i64>,
   pub serve_port: Option<u16>,
   pub serve_host: Option<String>,
-  pub unstable_detect_cjs: bool,
 }
 
 struct SharedWorkerState {
   blob_store: Arc<BlobStore>,
   broadcast_channel: InMemoryBroadcastChannel,
-  cjs_resolution_store: Arc<CjsResolutionStore>,
   code_cache: Option<Arc<dyn code_cache::CodeCache>>,
   compiled_wasm_module_store: CompiledWasmModuleStore,
   feature_checker: Arc<FeatureChecker>,
@@ -139,6 +135,7 @@ struct SharedWorkerState {
   module_loader_factory: Box<dyn ModuleLoaderFactory>,
   node_resolver: Arc<NodeResolver>,
   npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
+  pkg_json_resolver: Arc<PackageJsonResolver>,
   root_cert_store_provider: Arc<dyn RootCertStoreProvider>,
   root_permissions: PermissionsContainer,
   shared_array_buffer_store: SharedArrayBufferStore,
@@ -148,11 +145,15 @@ struct SharedWorkerState {
 }
 
 impl SharedWorkerState {
-  pub fn create_node_init_services(&self) -> NodeExtInitServices {
+  pub fn create_node_init_services(
+    &self,
+    node_require_loader: NodeRequireLoaderRc,
+  ) -> NodeExtInitServices {
     NodeExtInitServices {
-      node_require_resolver: self.npm_resolver.clone().into_require_resolver(),
+      node_require_loader,
       node_resolver: self.node_resolver.clone(),
       npm_resolver: self.npm_resolver.clone().into_npm_resolver(),
+      pkg_json_resolver: self.pkg_json_resolver.clone(),
     }
   }
 
@@ -163,7 +164,6 @@ impl SharedWorkerState {
 
 pub struct CliMainWorker {
   main_module: ModuleSpecifier,
-  is_main_cjs: bool,
   worker: MainWorker,
   shared: Arc<SharedWorkerState>,
 }
@@ -185,17 +185,7 @@ impl CliMainWorker {
 
     log::debug!("main_module {}", self.main_module);
 
-    if self.is_main_cjs {
-      deno_node::load_cjs_module(
-        &mut self.worker.js_runtime,
-        &self.main_module.to_file_path().unwrap().to_string_lossy(),
-        true,
-        self.shared.options.inspect_brk,
-      )?;
-    } else {
-      self.execute_main_module_possibly_with_npm().await?;
-    }
-
+    self.execute_main_module().await?;
     self.worker.dispatch_load_event()?;
 
     loop {
@@ -283,22 +273,7 @@ impl CliMainWorker {
       /// Execute the given main module emitting load and unload events before and after execution
       /// respectively.
       pub async fn execute(&mut self) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
-        if self.inner.is_main_cjs {
-          deno_node::load_cjs_module(
-            &mut self.inner.worker.js_runtime,
-            &self
-              .inner
-              .main_module
-              .to_file_path()
-              .unwrap()
-              .to_string_lossy(),
-            true,
-            self.inner.shared.options.inspect_brk,
-          )?;
-        } else {
-          self.inner.execute_main_module_possibly_with_npm().await?;
-        }
-
+        self.inner.execute_main_module().await?;
         self.inner.worker.dispatch_load_event()?;
         self.pending_unload = true;
 
@@ -339,24 +314,13 @@ impl CliMainWorker {
     executor.execute().await
   }
 
-  pub async fn execute_main_module_possibly_with_npm(
-    &mut self,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  pub async fn execute_main_module(&mut self) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
     let id = self.worker.preload_main_module(&self.main_module).await?;
-    self.evaluate_module_possibly_with_npm(id).await
+    self.worker.evaluate_module(id).await
   }
 
-  pub async fn execute_side_module_possibly_with_npm(
-    &mut self,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
+  pub async fn execute_side_module(&mut self) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
     let id = self.worker.preload_side_module(&self.main_module).await?;
-    self.evaluate_module_possibly_with_npm(id).await
-  }
-
-  async fn evaluate_module_possibly_with_npm(
-    &mut self,
-    id: ModuleId,
-  ) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
     self.worker.evaluate_module(id).await
   }
 
@@ -426,7 +390,6 @@ impl CliMainWorkerFactory {
   #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
   pub fn new(
     blob_store: Arc<BlobStore>,
-    cjs_resolution_store: Arc<CjsResolutionStore>,
     code_cache: Option<Arc<dyn code_cache::CodeCache>>,
     feature_checker: Arc<FeatureChecker>,
     fs: Arc<dyn deno_fs::FileSystem>,
@@ -436,6 +399,7 @@ impl CliMainWorkerFactory {
     module_loader_factory: Box<dyn ModuleLoaderFactory>,
     node_resolver: Arc<NodeResolver>,
     npm_resolver: Arc<dyn CliNpmResolver>,
+    pkg_json_resolver: Arc<PackageJsonResolver>,
     root_cert_store_provider: Arc<dyn RootCertStoreProvider>,
     root_permissions: PermissionsContainer,
     storage_key_resolver: StorageKeyResolver,
@@ -446,7 +410,6 @@ impl CliMainWorkerFactory {
       shared: Arc::new(SharedWorkerState {
         blob_store,
         broadcast_channel: Default::default(),
-        cjs_resolution_store,
         code_cache,
         compiled_wasm_module_store: Default::default(),
         feature_checker,
@@ -457,6 +420,7 @@ impl CliMainWorkerFactory {
         module_loader_factory,
         node_resolver,
         npm_resolver,
+        pkg_json_resolver,
         root_cert_store_provider,
         root_permissions,
         shared_array_buffer_store: Default::default(),
@@ -492,10 +456,13 @@ impl CliMainWorkerFactory {
     stdio: deno_runtime::deno_io::Stdio,
   ) -> Result<CliMainWorker, AnyError> {
     let shared = &self.shared;
-    let ModuleLoaderAndSourceMapGetter { module_loader } = shared
+    let CreateModuleLoaderResult {
+      module_loader,
+      node_require_loader,
+    } = shared
       .module_loader_factory
       .create_for_main(permissions.clone());
-    let (main_module, is_main_cjs) = if let Ok(package_ref) =
+    let main_module = if let Ok(package_ref) =
       NpmPackageReqReference::from_specifier(&main_module)
     {
       if let Some(npm_resolver) = shared.npm_resolver.as_managed() {
@@ -515,9 +482,8 @@ impl CliMainWorkerFactory {
           package_ref.req(),
           &referrer,
         )?;
-      let node_resolution = self
+      let main_module = self
         .resolve_binary_entrypoint(&package_folder, package_ref.sub_path())?;
-      let is_main_cjs = matches!(node_resolution, NodeResolution::CommonJs(_));
 
       if let Some(lockfile) = &shared.maybe_lockfile {
         // For npm binary commands, ensure that the lockfile gets updated
@@ -526,36 +492,9 @@ impl CliMainWorkerFactory {
         lockfile.write_if_changed()?;
       }
 
-      (node_resolution.into_url(), is_main_cjs)
-    } else if shared.options.is_npm_main
-      || shared.node_resolver.in_npm_package(&main_module)
-    {
-      let node_resolution =
-        shared.node_resolver.url_to_node_resolution(main_module)?;
-      let is_main_cjs = matches!(node_resolution, NodeResolution::CommonJs(_));
-      (node_resolution.into_url(), is_main_cjs)
+      main_module
     } else {
-      let is_maybe_cjs_js_ext = self.shared.options.unstable_detect_cjs
-        && specifier_has_extension(&main_module, "js")
-        && self
-          .shared
-          .node_resolver
-          .get_closest_package_json(&main_module)
-          .ok()
-          .flatten()
-          .map(|pkg_json| pkg_json.typ == "commonjs")
-          .unwrap_or(false);
-      let is_cjs = if is_maybe_cjs_js_ext {
-        // fill the cjs resolution store by preparing the module load
-        module_loader
-          .prepare_load(&main_module, None, false)
-          .await?;
-        self.shared.cjs_resolution_store.is_known_cjs(&main_module)
-      } else {
-        main_module.scheme() == "file"
-          && specifier_has_extension(&main_module, "cjs")
-      };
-      (main_module, is_cjs)
+      main_module
     };
 
     let maybe_inspector_server = shared.maybe_inspector_server.clone();
@@ -597,7 +536,9 @@ impl CliMainWorkerFactory {
       root_cert_store_provider: Some(shared.root_cert_store_provider.clone()),
       module_loader,
       fs: shared.fs.clone(),
-      node_services: Some(shared.create_node_init_services()),
+      node_services: Some(
+        shared.create_node_init_services(node_require_loader),
+      ),
       npm_process_state_provider: Some(shared.npm_process_state_provider()),
       blob_store: shared.blob_store.clone(),
       broadcast_channel: shared.broadcast_channel.clone(),
@@ -682,7 +623,6 @@ impl CliMainWorkerFactory {
 
     Ok(CliMainWorker {
       main_module,
-      is_main_cjs,
       worker,
       shared: shared.clone(),
     })
@@ -692,19 +632,19 @@ impl CliMainWorkerFactory {
     &self,
     package_folder: &Path,
     sub_path: Option<&str>,
-  ) -> Result<NodeResolution, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<ModuleSpecifier, AnyError> {
     match self
       .shared
       .node_resolver
       .resolve_binary_export(package_folder, sub_path)
     {
-      Ok(node_resolution) => Ok(node_resolution),
+      Ok(specifier) => Ok(specifier),
       Err(original_err) => {
         // if the binary entrypoint was not found, fallback to regular node resolution
         let result =
           self.resolve_binary_entrypoint_fallback(package_folder, sub_path);
         match result {
-          Ok(Some(resolution)) => Ok(resolution),
+          Ok(Some(specifier)) => Ok(specifier),
           Ok(None) => Err(original_err.into()),
           Err(fallback_err) => {
             bail!("{:#}\n\nFallback failed: {:#}", original_err, fallback_err)
@@ -719,7 +659,7 @@ impl CliMainWorkerFactory {
     &self,
     package_folder: &Path,
     sub_path: Option<&str>,
-  ) -> Result<Option<NodeResolution>, AnyError> {
+  ) -> Result<Option<ModuleSpecifier>, AnyError> {
     // only fallback if the user specified a sub path
     if sub_path.is_none() {
       // it's confusing to users if the package doesn't have any binary
@@ -728,7 +668,7 @@ impl CliMainWorkerFactory {
       return Ok(None);
     }
 
-    let resolution = self
+    let specifier = self
       .shared
       .node_resolver
       .resolve_package_subpath_from_deno_module(
@@ -737,19 +677,14 @@ impl CliMainWorkerFactory {
         /* referrer */ None,
         NodeResolutionMode::Execution,
       )?;
-    match &resolution {
-      NodeResolution::BuiltIn(_) => Ok(None),
-      NodeResolution::CommonJs(specifier) | NodeResolution::Esm(specifier) => {
-        if specifier
-          .to_file_path()
-          .map(|p| p.exists())
-          .unwrap_or(false)
-        {
-          Ok(Some(resolution))
-        } else {
-          bail!("Cannot find module '{}'", specifier)
-        }
-      }
+    if specifier
+      .to_file_path()
+      .map(|p| p.exists())
+      .unwrap_or(false)
+    {
+      Ok(Some(specifier))
+    } else {
+      bail!("Cannot find module '{}'", specifier)
     }
   }
 }
@@ -761,11 +696,13 @@ fn create_web_worker_callback(
   Arc::new(move |args| {
     let maybe_inspector_server = shared.maybe_inspector_server.clone();
 
-    let ModuleLoaderAndSourceMapGetter { module_loader } =
-      shared.module_loader_factory.create_for_worker(
-        args.parent_permissions.clone(),
-        args.permissions.clone(),
-      );
+    let CreateModuleLoaderResult {
+      module_loader,
+      node_require_loader,
+    } = shared.module_loader_factory.create_for_worker(
+      args.parent_permissions.clone(),
+      args.permissions.clone(),
+    );
     let create_web_worker_cb =
       create_web_worker_callback(shared.clone(), stdio.clone());
 
@@ -795,7 +732,9 @@ fn create_web_worker_callback(
       root_cert_store_provider: Some(shared.root_cert_store_provider.clone()),
       module_loader,
       fs: shared.fs.clone(),
-      node_services: Some(shared.create_node_init_services()),
+      node_services: Some(
+        shared.create_node_init_services(node_require_loader),
+      ),
       blob_store: shared.blob_store.clone(),
       broadcast_channel: shared.broadcast_channel.clone(),
       shared_array_buffer_store: Some(shared.shared_array_buffer_store.clone()),
diff --git a/ext/node/lib.rs b/ext/node/lib.rs
index b34bea815..db6d08e11 100644
--- a/ext/node/lib.rs
+++ b/ext/node/lib.rs
@@ -9,15 +9,11 @@ use std::path::Path;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_core::located_script_name;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::url::Url;
 #[allow(unused_imports)]
 use deno_core::v8;
 use deno_core::v8::ExternalReference;
-use deno_core::JsRuntime;
-use deno_fs::sync::MaybeSend;
-use deno_fs::sync::MaybeSync;
 use node_resolver::NpmResolverRc;
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 
@@ -125,16 +121,17 @@ impl NodePermissions for deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer {
 }
 
 #[allow(clippy::disallowed_types)]
-pub type NodeRequireResolverRc =
-  deno_fs::sync::MaybeArc<dyn NodeRequireResolver>;
+pub type NodeRequireLoaderRc = std::rc::Rc<dyn NodeRequireLoader>;
 
-pub trait NodeRequireResolver: std::fmt::Debug + MaybeSend + MaybeSync {
+pub trait NodeRequireLoader {
   #[must_use = "the resolved return value to mitigate time-of-check to time-of-use issues"]
   fn ensure_read_permission<'a>(
     &self,
     permissions: &mut dyn NodePermissions,
     path: &'a Path,
   ) -> Result<Cow<'a, Path>, AnyError>;
+
+  fn load_text_file_lossy(&self, path: &Path) -> Result<String, AnyError>;
 }
 
 pub static NODE_ENV_VAR_ALLOWLIST: Lazy<HashSet<String>> = Lazy::new(|| {
@@ -152,10 +149,12 @@ fn op_node_build_os() -> String {
   env!("TARGET").split('-').nth(2).unwrap().to_string()
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct NodeExtInitServices {
-  pub node_require_resolver: NodeRequireResolverRc,
+  pub node_require_loader: NodeRequireLoaderRc,
   pub node_resolver: NodeResolverRc,
   pub npm_resolver: NpmResolverRc,
+  pub pkg_json_resolver: PackageJsonResolverRc,
 }
 
 deno_core::extension!(deno_node,
@@ -639,9 +638,10 @@ deno_core::extension!(deno_node,
     state.put(options.fs.clone());
 
     if let Some(init) = &options.maybe_init {
-      state.put(init.node_require_resolver.clone());
+      state.put(init.node_require_loader.clone());
       state.put(init.node_resolver.clone());
       state.put(init.npm_resolver.clone());
+      state.put(init.pkg_json_resolver.clone());
     }
   },
   global_template_middleware = global_template_middleware,
@@ -761,33 +761,16 @@ deno_core::extension!(deno_node,
   },
 );
 
-pub fn load_cjs_module(
-  js_runtime: &mut JsRuntime,
-  module: &str,
-  main: bool,
-  inspect_brk: bool,
-) -> Result<(), AnyError> {
-  fn escape_for_single_quote_string(text: &str) -> String {
-    text.replace('\\', r"\\").replace('\'', r"\'")
-  }
-
-  let source_code = format!(
-    r#"(function loadCjsModule(moduleName, isMain, inspectBrk) {{
-      Deno[Deno.internal].node.loadCjsModule(moduleName, isMain, inspectBrk);
-    }})('{module}', {main}, {inspect_brk});"#,
-    main = main,
-    module = escape_for_single_quote_string(module),
-    inspect_brk = inspect_brk,
-  );
-
-  js_runtime.execute_script(located_script_name!(), source_code)?;
-  Ok(())
-}
-
 pub type NodeResolver = node_resolver::NodeResolver<DenoFsNodeResolverEnv>;
 #[allow(clippy::disallowed_types)]
 pub type NodeResolverRc =
   deno_fs::sync::MaybeArc<node_resolver::NodeResolver<DenoFsNodeResolverEnv>>;
+pub type PackageJsonResolver =
+  node_resolver::PackageJsonResolver<DenoFsNodeResolverEnv>;
+#[allow(clippy::disallowed_types)]
+pub type PackageJsonResolverRc = deno_fs::sync::MaybeArc<
+  node_resolver::PackageJsonResolver<DenoFsNodeResolverEnv>,
+>;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct DenoFsNodeResolverEnv {
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/require.rs b/ext/node/ops/require.rs
index 7524fb43c..30db8b629 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/require.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/require.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_fs::FileSystemRc;
 use deno_package_json::PackageJsonRc;
 use deno_path_util::normalize_path;
+use deno_path_util::url_to_file_path;
 use node_resolver::NodeModuleKind;
 use node_resolver::NodeResolutionMode;
 use node_resolver::REQUIRE_CONDITIONS;
@@ -19,9 +20,10 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
 use crate::NodePermissions;
-use crate::NodeRequireResolverRc;
+use crate::NodeRequireLoaderRc;
 use crate::NodeResolverRc;
 use crate::NpmResolverRc;
+use crate::PackageJsonResolverRc;
 
 #[must_use = "the resolved return value to mitigate time-of-check to time-of-use issues"]
 fn ensure_read_permission<'a, P>(
@@ -31,9 +33,9 @@ fn ensure_read_permission<'a, P>(
 where
   P: NodePermissions + 'static,
 {
-  let resolver = state.borrow::<NodeRequireResolverRc>().clone();
+  let loader = state.borrow::<NodeRequireLoaderRc>().clone();
   let permissions = state.borrow_mut::<P>();
-  resolver.ensure_read_permission(permissions, file_path)
+  loader.ensure_read_permission(permissions, file_path)
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
@@ -54,10 +56,14 @@ pub enum RequireError {
   PackageImportsResolve(
     #[from] node_resolver::errors::PackageImportsResolveError,
   ),
-  #[error("failed to convert '{0}' to file path")]
-  FilePathConversion(Url),
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  FilePathConversion(#[from] deno_path_util::UrlToFilePathError),
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  UrlConversion(#[from] deno_path_util::PathToUrlError),
   #[error(transparent)]
   Fs(#[from] deno_io::fs::FsError),
+  #[error(transparent)]
+  ReadModule(deno_core::error::AnyError),
   #[error("Unable to get CWD: {0}")]
   UnableToGetCwd(deno_io::fs::FsError),
 }
@@ -229,8 +235,11 @@ pub fn op_require_is_deno_dir_package(
   state: &mut OpState,
   #[string] path: String,
 ) -> bool {
-  let resolver = state.borrow::<NpmResolverRc>();
-  resolver.in_npm_package_at_file_path(&PathBuf::from(path))
+  let resolver = state.borrow::<NodeResolverRc>();
+  match deno_path_util::url_from_file_path(&PathBuf::from(path)) {
+    Ok(specifier) => resolver.in_npm_package(&specifier),
+    Err(_) => false,
+  }
 }
 
 #[op2]
@@ -411,8 +420,8 @@ where
     return Ok(None);
   }
 
-  let node_resolver = state.borrow::<NodeResolverRc>();
-  let pkg = node_resolver
+  let pkg_json_resolver = state.borrow::<PackageJsonResolverRc>();
+  let pkg = pkg_json_resolver
     .get_closest_package_json_from_path(&PathBuf::from(parent_path.unwrap()))
     .ok()
     .flatten();
@@ -441,6 +450,7 @@ where
 
   let referrer = deno_core::url::Url::from_file_path(&pkg.path).unwrap();
   if let Some(exports) = &pkg.exports {
+    let node_resolver = state.borrow::<NodeResolverRc>();
     let r = node_resolver.package_exports_resolve(
       &pkg.path,
       &expansion,
@@ -470,10 +480,13 @@ where
   P: NodePermissions + 'static,
 {
   let file_path = PathBuf::from(file_path);
+  // todo(dsherret): there's multiple borrows to NodeRequireLoaderRc here
   let file_path = ensure_read_permission::<P>(state, &file_path)
     .map_err(RequireError::Permission)?;
-  let fs = state.borrow::<FileSystemRc>();
-  Ok(fs.read_text_file_lossy_sync(&file_path, None)?)
+  let loader = state.borrow::<NodeRequireLoaderRc>();
+  loader
+    .load_text_file_lossy(&file_path)
+    .map_err(RequireError::ReadModule)
 }
 
 #[op2]
@@ -503,11 +516,12 @@ where
   P: NodePermissions + 'static,
 {
   let fs = state.borrow::<FileSystemRc>();
-  let npm_resolver = state.borrow::<NpmResolverRc>();
   let node_resolver = state.borrow::<NodeResolverRc>();
+  let pkg_json_resolver = state.borrow::<PackageJsonResolverRc>();
 
   let modules_path = PathBuf::from(&modules_path_str);
-  let pkg_path = if npm_resolver.in_npm_package_at_file_path(&modules_path)
+  let modules_specifier = deno_path_util::url_from_file_path(&modules_path)?;
+  let pkg_path = if node_resolver.in_npm_package(&modules_specifier)
     && !uses_local_node_modules_dir
   {
     modules_path
@@ -521,7 +535,7 @@ where
     }
   };
   let Some(pkg) =
-    node_resolver.load_package_json(&pkg_path.join("package.json"))?
+    pkg_json_resolver.load_package_json(&pkg_path.join("package.json"))?
   else {
     return Ok(None);
   };
@@ -561,8 +575,8 @@ where
 {
   let filename = PathBuf::from(filename);
   // permissions: allow reading the closest package.json files
-  let node_resolver = state.borrow::<NodeResolverRc>().clone();
-  node_resolver.get_closest_package_json_from_path(&filename)
+  let pkg_json_resolver = state.borrow::<PackageJsonResolverRc>();
+  pkg_json_resolver.get_closest_package_json_from_path(&filename)
 }
 
 #[op2]
@@ -574,13 +588,13 @@ pub fn op_require_read_package_scope<P>(
 where
   P: NodePermissions + 'static,
 {
-  let node_resolver = state.borrow::<NodeResolverRc>().clone();
+  let pkg_json_resolver = state.borrow::<PackageJsonResolverRc>();
   let package_json_path = PathBuf::from(package_json_path);
   if package_json_path.file_name() != Some("package.json".as_ref()) {
     // permissions: do not allow reading a non-package.json file
     return None;
   }
-  node_resolver
+  pkg_json_resolver
     .load_package_json(&package_json_path)
     .ok()
     .flatten()
@@ -599,14 +613,15 @@ where
   let referrer_path = PathBuf::from(&referrer_filename);
   let referrer_path = ensure_read_permission::<P>(state, &referrer_path)
     .map_err(RequireError::Permission)?;
-  let node_resolver = state.borrow::<NodeResolverRc>();
+  let pkg_json_resolver = state.borrow::<PackageJsonResolverRc>();
   let Some(pkg) =
-    node_resolver.get_closest_package_json_from_path(&referrer_path)?
+    pkg_json_resolver.get_closest_package_json_from_path(&referrer_path)?
   else {
     return Ok(None);
   };
 
   if pkg.imports.is_some() {
+    let node_resolver = state.borrow::<NodeResolverRc>();
     let referrer_url = Url::from_file_path(&referrer_filename).unwrap();
     let url = node_resolver.package_imports_resolve(
       &request,
@@ -637,13 +652,6 @@ fn url_to_file_path_string(url: &Url) -> Result<String, RequireError> {
   Ok(file_path.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
 }
 
-fn url_to_file_path(url: &Url) -> Result<PathBuf, RequireError> {
-  match url.to_file_path() {
-    Ok(file_path) => Ok(file_path),
-    Err(()) => Err(RequireError::FilePathConversion(url.clone())),
-  }
-}
-
 #[op2(fast)]
 pub fn op_require_can_parse_as_esm(
   scope: &mut v8::HandleScope,
diff --git a/ext/node/ops/worker_threads.rs b/ext/node/ops/worker_threads.rs
index e33cf9157..d2e575882 100644
--- a/ext/node/ops/worker_threads.rs
+++ b/ext/node/ops/worker_threads.rs
@@ -4,14 +4,12 @@ use deno_core::op2;
 use deno_core::url::Url;
 use deno_core::OpState;
 use deno_fs::FileSystemRc;
-use node_resolver::NodeResolution;
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use crate::NodePermissions;
-use crate::NodeRequireResolverRc;
-use crate::NodeResolverRc;
+use crate::NodeRequireLoaderRc;
 
 #[must_use = "the resolved return value to mitigate time-of-check to time-of-use issues"]
 fn ensure_read_permission<'a, P>(
@@ -21,9 +19,9 @@ fn ensure_read_permission<'a, P>(
 where
   P: NodePermissions + 'static,
 {
-  let resolver = state.borrow::<NodeRequireResolverRc>().clone();
+  let loader = state.borrow::<NodeRequireLoaderRc>().clone();
   let permissions = state.borrow_mut::<P>();
-  resolver.ensure_read_permission(permissions, file_path)
+  loader.ensure_read_permission(permissions, file_path)
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
@@ -42,14 +40,11 @@ pub enum WorkerThreadsFilenameError {
   UrlToPath,
   #[error("File not found [{0:?}]")]
   FileNotFound(PathBuf),
-  #[error("Neither ESM nor CJS")]
-  NeitherEsmNorCjs,
-  #[error("{0}")]
-  UrlToNodeResolution(node_resolver::errors::UrlToNodeResolutionError),
   #[error(transparent)]
   Fs(#[from] deno_io::fs::FsError),
 }
 
+// todo(dsherret): we should remove this and do all this work inside op_create_worker
 #[op2]
 #[string]
 pub fn op_worker_threads_filename<P>(
@@ -88,30 +83,5 @@ where
       url_path.to_path_buf(),
     ));
   }
-  let node_resolver = state.borrow::<NodeResolverRc>();
-  match node_resolver
-    .url_to_node_resolution(url)
-    .map_err(WorkerThreadsFilenameError::UrlToNodeResolution)?
-  {
-    NodeResolution::Esm(u) => Ok(u.to_string()),
-    NodeResolution::CommonJs(u) => wrap_cjs(u),
-    NodeResolution::BuiltIn(_) => {
-      Err(WorkerThreadsFilenameError::NeitherEsmNorCjs)
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-///
-/// Wrap a CJS file-URL and the required setup in a stringified `data:`-URL
-///
-fn wrap_cjs(url: Url) -> Result<String, WorkerThreadsFilenameError> {
-  let path = url
-    .to_file_path()
-    .map_err(|_| WorkerThreadsFilenameError::UrlToPath)?;
-  let filename = path.file_name().unwrap().to_string_lossy();
-  Ok(format!(
-    "data:text/javascript,import {{ createRequire }} from \"node:module\";\
-    const require = createRequire(\"{}\"); require(\"./{}\");",
-    url, filename,
-  ))
+  Ok(url.to_string())
 }
diff --git a/ext/node/polyfills/01_require.js b/ext/node/polyfills/01_require.js
index 7935903a8..296d819aa 100644
--- a/ext/node/polyfills/01_require.js
+++ b/ext/node/polyfills/01_require.js
@@ -1071,13 +1071,35 @@ Module._extensions[".js"] = function (module, filename) {
     } else if (pkg?.type === "commonjs") {
       format = "commonjs";
     }
-  } else if (StringPrototypeEndsWith(filename, ".cjs")) {
-    format = "commonjs";
   }
 
   module._compile(content, filename, format);
 };
 
+Module._extensions[".ts"] =
+  Module._extensions[".jsx"] =
+  Module._extensions[".tsx"] =
+    function (module, filename) {
+      const content = op_require_read_file(filename);
+
+      let format;
+      const pkg = op_require_read_closest_package_json(filename);
+      if (pkg?.type === "module") {
+        format = "module";
+      } else if (pkg?.type === "commonjs") {
+        format = "commonjs";
+      }
+
+      module._compile(content, filename, format);
+    };
+
+Module._extensions[".cjs"] =
+  Module._extensions[".cts"] =
+    function (module, filename) {
+      const content = op_require_read_file(filename);
+      module._compile(content, filename, "commonjs");
+    };
+
 function loadESMFromCJS(module, filename, code) {
   const namespace = op_import_sync(
     url.pathToFileURL(filename).toString(),
@@ -1087,7 +1109,10 @@ function loadESMFromCJS(module, filename, code) {
   module.exports = namespace;
 }
 
-Module._extensions[".mjs"] = function (module, filename) {
+Module._extensions[".mjs"] = Module._extensions[".mts"] = function (
+  module,
+  filename,
+) {
   loadESMFromCJS(module, filename);
 };
 
diff --git a/resolvers/deno/fs.rs b/resolvers/deno/fs.rs
index b08be3798..44495fa7c 100644
--- a/resolvers/deno/fs.rs
+++ b/resolvers/deno/fs.rs
@@ -15,13 +15,3 @@ pub trait DenoResolverFs {
   fn is_dir_sync(&self, path: &Path) -> bool;
   fn read_dir_sync(&self, dir_path: &Path) -> std::io::Result<Vec<DirEntry>>;
 }
-
-pub(crate) struct DenoPkgJsonFsAdapter<'a, Fs: DenoResolverFs>(pub &'a Fs);
-
-impl<'a, Fs: DenoResolverFs> deno_package_json::fs::DenoPkgJsonFs
-  for DenoPkgJsonFsAdapter<'a, Fs>
-{
-  fn read_to_string_lossy(&self, path: &Path) -> std::io::Result<String> {
-    self.0.read_to_string_lossy(path)
-  }
-}
diff --git a/resolvers/deno/npm/byonm.rs b/resolvers/deno/npm/byonm.rs
index 3394b3e50..b85117052 100644
--- a/resolvers/deno/npm/byonm.rs
+++ b/resolvers/deno/npm/byonm.rs
@@ -10,16 +10,17 @@ use deno_package_json::PackageJsonDepValue;
 use deno_path_util::url_to_file_path;
 use deno_semver::package::PackageReq;
 use deno_semver::Version;
+use node_resolver::env::NodeResolverEnv;
 use node_resolver::errors::PackageFolderResolveError;
 use node_resolver::errors::PackageFolderResolveIoError;
 use node_resolver::errors::PackageJsonLoadError;
 use node_resolver::errors::PackageNotFoundError;
-use node_resolver::load_pkg_json;
+use node_resolver::InNpmPackageChecker;
 use node_resolver::NpmResolver;
+use node_resolver::PackageJsonResolverRc;
 use thiserror::Error;
 use url::Url;
 
-use crate::fs::DenoPkgJsonFsAdapter;
 use crate::fs::DenoResolverFs;
 
 use super::local::normalize_pkg_name_for_node_modules_deno_folder;
@@ -36,32 +37,41 @@ pub enum ByonmResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError {
   Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
 }
 
-pub struct ByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions<Fs: DenoResolverFs> {
-  pub fs: Fs,
+pub struct ByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions<
+  Fs: DenoResolverFs,
+  TEnv: NodeResolverEnv,
+> {
   // todo(dsherret): investigate removing this
   pub root_node_modules_dir: Option<PathBuf>,
+  pub fs: Fs,
+  pub pkg_json_resolver: PackageJsonResolverRc<TEnv>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct ByonmNpmResolver<Fs: DenoResolverFs> {
+pub struct ByonmNpmResolver<Fs: DenoResolverFs, TEnv: NodeResolverEnv> {
   fs: Fs,
+  pkg_json_resolver: PackageJsonResolverRc<TEnv>,
   root_node_modules_dir: Option<PathBuf>,
 }
 
-impl<Fs: DenoResolverFs + Clone> Clone for ByonmNpmResolver<Fs> {
+impl<Fs: DenoResolverFs + Clone, TEnv: NodeResolverEnv> Clone
+  for ByonmNpmResolver<Fs, TEnv>
+{
   fn clone(&self) -> Self {
     Self {
       fs: self.fs.clone(),
+      pkg_json_resolver: self.pkg_json_resolver.clone(),
       root_node_modules_dir: self.root_node_modules_dir.clone(),
     }
   }
 }
 
-impl<Fs: DenoResolverFs> ByonmNpmResolver<Fs> {
-  pub fn new(options: ByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions<Fs>) -> Self {
+impl<Fs: DenoResolverFs, TEnv: NodeResolverEnv> ByonmNpmResolver<Fs, TEnv> {
+  pub fn new(options: ByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions<Fs, TEnv>) -> Self {
     Self {
-      fs: options.fs,
       root_node_modules_dir: options.root_node_modules_dir,
+      fs: options.fs,
+      pkg_json_resolver: options.pkg_json_resolver,
     }
   }
 
@@ -73,7 +83,7 @@ impl<Fs: DenoResolverFs> ByonmNpmResolver<Fs> {
     &self,
     path: &Path,
   ) -> Result<Option<Arc<PackageJson>>, PackageJsonLoadError> {
-    load_pkg_json(&DenoPkgJsonFsAdapter(&self.fs), path)
+    self.pkg_json_resolver.load_package_json(path)
   }
 
   /// Finds the ancestor package.json that contains the specified dependency.
@@ -290,8 +300,10 @@ impl<Fs: DenoResolverFs> ByonmNpmResolver<Fs> {
   }
 }
 
-impl<Fs: DenoResolverFs + Send + Sync + std::fmt::Debug> NpmResolver
-  for ByonmNpmResolver<Fs>
+impl<
+    Fs: DenoResolverFs + Send + Sync + std::fmt::Debug,
+    TEnv: NodeResolverEnv,
+  > NpmResolver for ByonmNpmResolver<Fs, TEnv>
 {
   fn resolve_package_folder_from_package(
     &self,
@@ -342,7 +354,12 @@ impl<Fs: DenoResolverFs + Send + Sync + std::fmt::Debug> NpmResolver
       .into()
     })
   }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ByonmInNpmPackageChecker;
 
+impl InNpmPackageChecker for ByonmInNpmPackageChecker {
   fn in_npm_package(&self, specifier: &Url) -> bool {
     specifier.scheme() == "file"
       && specifier
diff --git a/resolvers/deno/npm/mod.rs b/resolvers/deno/npm/mod.rs
index 9d885cad3..45e2341c7 100644
--- a/resolvers/deno/npm/mod.rs
+++ b/resolvers/deno/npm/mod.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 mod byonm;
 mod local;
 
+pub use byonm::ByonmInNpmPackageChecker;
 pub use byonm::ByonmNpmResolver;
 pub use byonm::ByonmNpmResolverCreateOptions;
 pub use byonm::ByonmResolvePkgFolderFromDenoReqError;
diff --git a/resolvers/deno/sloppy_imports.rs b/resolvers/deno/sloppy_imports.rs
index e215e8768..7aba5b771 100644
--- a/resolvers/deno/sloppy_imports.rs
+++ b/resolvers/deno/sloppy_imports.rs
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ impl<Fs: SloppyImportResolverFs> SloppyImportsResolver<Fs> {
             | MediaType::Tsx
             | MediaType::Json
             | MediaType::Wasm
-            | MediaType::TsBuildInfo
+            | MediaType::Css
             | MediaType::SourceMap => {
               return None;
             }
diff --git a/resolvers/node/analyze.rs b/resolvers/node/analyze.rs
index 009296006..c7415933d 100644
--- a/resolvers/node/analyze.rs
+++ b/resolvers/node/analyze.rs
@@ -19,18 +19,19 @@ use anyhow::Error as AnyError;
 use url::Url;
 
 use crate::env::NodeResolverEnv;
-use crate::package_json::load_pkg_json;
+use crate::npm::InNpmPackageCheckerRc;
 use crate::resolution::NodeResolverRc;
 use crate::NodeModuleKind;
 use crate::NodeResolutionMode;
 use crate::NpmResolverRc;
+use crate::PackageJsonResolverRc;
 use crate::PathClean;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub enum CjsAnalysis {
+pub enum CjsAnalysis<'a> {
   /// File was found to be an ES module and the translator should
   /// load the code as ESM.
-  Esm(String),
+  Esm(Cow<'a, str>),
   Cjs(CjsAnalysisExports),
 }
 
@@ -50,11 +51,11 @@ pub trait CjsCodeAnalyzer {
   /// already has it. If the source is needed by the implementation,
   /// then it can use the provided source, or otherwise load it if
   /// necessary.
-  async fn analyze_cjs(
+  async fn analyze_cjs<'a>(
     &self,
     specifier: &Url,
-    maybe_source: Option<String>,
-  ) -> Result<CjsAnalysis, AnyError>;
+    maybe_source: Option<Cow<'a, str>>,
+  ) -> Result<CjsAnalysis<'a>, AnyError>;
 }
 
 pub struct NodeCodeTranslator<
@@ -63,8 +64,10 @@ pub struct NodeCodeTranslator<
 > {
   cjs_code_analyzer: TCjsCodeAnalyzer,
   env: TNodeResolverEnv,
+  in_npm_pkg_checker: InNpmPackageCheckerRc,
   node_resolver: NodeResolverRc<TNodeResolverEnv>,
   npm_resolver: NpmResolverRc,
+  pkg_json_resolver: PackageJsonResolverRc<TNodeResolverEnv>,
 }
 
 impl<TCjsCodeAnalyzer: CjsCodeAnalyzer, TNodeResolverEnv: NodeResolverEnv>
@@ -73,14 +76,18 @@ impl<TCjsCodeAnalyzer: CjsCodeAnalyzer, TNodeResolverEnv: NodeResolverEnv>
   pub fn new(
     cjs_code_analyzer: TCjsCodeAnalyzer,
     env: TNodeResolverEnv,
+    in_npm_pkg_checker: InNpmPackageCheckerRc,
     node_resolver: NodeResolverRc<TNodeResolverEnv>,
     npm_resolver: NpmResolverRc,
+    pkg_json_resolver: PackageJsonResolverRc<TNodeResolverEnv>,
   ) -> Self {
     Self {
       cjs_code_analyzer,
       env,
+      in_npm_pkg_checker,
       node_resolver,
       npm_resolver,
+      pkg_json_resolver,
     }
   }
 
@@ -90,11 +97,11 @@ impl<TCjsCodeAnalyzer: CjsCodeAnalyzer, TNodeResolverEnv: NodeResolverEnv>
   /// For all discovered reexports the analysis will be performed recursively.
   ///
   /// If successful a source code for equivalent ES module is returned.
-  pub async fn translate_cjs_to_esm(
+  pub async fn translate_cjs_to_esm<'a>(
     &self,
     entry_specifier: &Url,
-    source: Option<String>,
-  ) -> Result<String, AnyError> {
+    source: Option<Cow<'a, str>>,
+  ) -> Result<Cow<'a, str>, AnyError> {
     let mut temp_var_count = 0;
 
     let analysis = self
@@ -108,7 +115,7 @@ impl<TCjsCodeAnalyzer: CjsCodeAnalyzer, TNodeResolverEnv: NodeResolverEnv>
     };
 
     let mut source = vec![
-      r#"import {createRequire as __internalCreateRequire} from "node:module";
+      r#"import {createRequire as __internalCreateRequire, Module as __internalModule } from "node:module";
       const require = __internalCreateRequire(import.meta.url);"#
         .to_string(),
     ];
@@ -135,7 +142,12 @@ impl<TCjsCodeAnalyzer: CjsCodeAnalyzer, TNodeResolverEnv: NodeResolverEnv>
     }
 
     source.push(format!(
-      "const mod = require(\"{}\");",
+      r#"let mod;
+      if (import.meta.main) {{
+        mod = __internalModule._load("{0}", null, true)
+      }} else {{
+        mod = require("{0}");
+      }}"#,
       url_to_file_path(entry_specifier)
         .unwrap()
         .to_str()
@@ -159,7 +171,7 @@ impl<TCjsCodeAnalyzer: CjsCodeAnalyzer, TNodeResolverEnv: NodeResolverEnv>
     source.push("export default mod;".to_string());
 
     let translated_source = source.join("\n");
-    Ok(translated_source)
+    Ok(Cow::Owned(translated_source))
   }
 
   async fn analyze_reexports<'a>(
@@ -174,7 +186,7 @@ impl<TCjsCodeAnalyzer: CjsCodeAnalyzer, TNodeResolverEnv: NodeResolverEnv>
     struct Analysis {
       reexport_specifier: url::Url,
       referrer: url::Url,
-      analysis: CjsAnalysis,
+      analysis: CjsAnalysis<'static>,
     }
 
     type AnalysisFuture<'a> = LocalBoxFuture<'a, Result<Analysis, AnyError>>;
@@ -329,8 +341,9 @@ impl<TCjsCodeAnalyzer: CjsCodeAnalyzer, TNodeResolverEnv: NodeResolverEnv>
     }?;
 
     let package_json_path = module_dir.join("package.json");
-    let maybe_package_json =
-      load_pkg_json(self.env.pkg_json_fs(), &package_json_path)?;
+    let maybe_package_json = self
+      .pkg_json_resolver
+      .load_package_json(&package_json_path)?;
     if let Some(package_json) = maybe_package_json {
       if let Some(exports) = &package_json.exports {
         return Some(
@@ -356,8 +369,9 @@ impl<TCjsCodeAnalyzer: CjsCodeAnalyzer, TNodeResolverEnv: NodeResolverEnv>
         if self.env.is_dir_sync(&d) {
           // subdir might have a package.json that specifies the entrypoint
           let package_json_path = d.join("package.json");
-          let maybe_package_json =
-            load_pkg_json(self.env.pkg_json_fs(), &package_json_path)?;
+          let maybe_package_json = self
+            .pkg_json_resolver
+            .load_package_json(&package_json_path)?;
           if let Some(package_json) = maybe_package_json {
             if let Some(main) = package_json.main(NodeModuleKind::Cjs) {
               return Ok(Some(url_from_file_path(&d.join(main).clean())?));
@@ -382,7 +396,7 @@ impl<TCjsCodeAnalyzer: CjsCodeAnalyzer, TNodeResolverEnv: NodeResolverEnv>
     // as a fallback, attempt to resolve it via the ancestor directories
     let mut last = referrer_path.as_path();
     while let Some(parent) = last.parent() {
-      if !self.npm_resolver.in_npm_package_at_dir_path(parent) {
+      if !self.in_npm_pkg_checker.in_npm_package_at_dir_path(parent) {
         break;
       }
       let path = if parent.ends_with("node_modules") {
diff --git a/resolvers/node/errors.rs b/resolvers/node/errors.rs
index 4ba829eda..aacbecefb 100644
--- a/resolvers/node/errors.rs
+++ b/resolvers/node/errors.rs
@@ -81,29 +81,6 @@ pub trait NodeJsErrorCoded {
   fn code(&self) -> NodeJsErrorCode;
 }
 
-kinded_err!(
-  ResolvePkgSubpathFromDenoModuleError,
-  ResolvePkgSubpathFromDenoModuleErrorKind
-);
-
-impl NodeJsErrorCoded for ResolvePkgSubpathFromDenoModuleError {
-  fn code(&self) -> NodeJsErrorCode {
-    use ResolvePkgSubpathFromDenoModuleErrorKind::*;
-    match self.as_kind() {
-      PackageSubpathResolve(e) => e.code(),
-      UrlToNodeResolution(e) => e.code(),
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
-pub enum ResolvePkgSubpathFromDenoModuleErrorKind {
-  #[error(transparent)]
-  PackageSubpathResolve(#[from] PackageSubpathResolveError),
-  #[error(transparent)]
-  UrlToNodeResolution(#[from] UrlToNodeResolutionError),
-}
-
 // todo(https://github.com/denoland/deno_core/issues/810): make this a TypeError
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Error)]
 #[error(
@@ -394,37 +371,6 @@ impl NodeJsErrorCoded for CanonicalizingPkgJsonDirError {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
-#[error("TypeScript files are not supported in npm packages: {specifier}")]
-pub struct TypeScriptNotSupportedInNpmError {
-  pub specifier: Url,
-}
-
-impl NodeJsErrorCoded for TypeScriptNotSupportedInNpmError {
-  fn code(&self) -> NodeJsErrorCode {
-    NodeJsErrorCode::ERR_UNKNOWN_FILE_EXTENSION
-  }
-}
-
-kinded_err!(UrlToNodeResolutionError, UrlToNodeResolutionErrorKind);
-
-impl NodeJsErrorCoded for UrlToNodeResolutionError {
-  fn code(&self) -> NodeJsErrorCode {
-    match self.as_kind() {
-      UrlToNodeResolutionErrorKind::TypeScriptNotSupported(e) => e.code(),
-      UrlToNodeResolutionErrorKind::ClosestPkgJson(e) => e.code(),
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
-pub enum UrlToNodeResolutionErrorKind {
-  #[error(transparent)]
-  TypeScriptNotSupported(#[from] TypeScriptNotSupportedInNpmError),
-  #[error(transparent)]
-  ClosestPkgJson(#[from] ClosestPkgJsonError),
-}
-
 // todo(https://github.com/denoland/deno_core/issues/810): make this a TypeError
 #[derive(Debug, Error)]
 #[error(
@@ -533,8 +479,6 @@ pub enum NodeResolveErrorKind {
   TypesNotFound(#[from] TypesNotFoundError),
   #[error(transparent)]
   FinalizeResolution(#[from] FinalizeResolutionError),
-  #[error(transparent)]
-  UrlToNodeResolution(#[from] UrlToNodeResolutionError),
 }
 
 kinded_err!(FinalizeResolutionError, FinalizeResolutionErrorKind);
@@ -728,8 +672,6 @@ pub enum ResolvePkgJsonBinExportError {
   MissingPkgJson { pkg_json_path: PathBuf },
   #[error("Failed resolving binary export. {message}")]
   InvalidBinProperty { message: String },
-  #[error(transparent)]
-  UrlToNodeResolution(#[from] UrlToNodeResolutionError),
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Error)]
diff --git a/resolvers/node/lib.rs b/resolvers/node/lib.rs
index f03f77048..18b0a8536 100644
--- a/resolvers/node/lib.rs
+++ b/resolvers/node/lib.rs
@@ -13,9 +13,12 @@ mod resolution;
 mod sync;
 
 pub use deno_package_json::PackageJson;
+pub use npm::InNpmPackageChecker;
+pub use npm::InNpmPackageCheckerRc;
 pub use npm::NpmResolver;
 pub use npm::NpmResolverRc;
-pub use package_json::load_pkg_json;
+pub use package_json::PackageJsonResolver;
+pub use package_json::PackageJsonResolverRc;
 pub use package_json::PackageJsonThreadLocalCache;
 pub use path::PathClean;
 pub use resolution::parse_npm_pkg_name;
diff --git a/resolvers/node/npm.rs b/resolvers/node/npm.rs
index 6b5f21db6..2132f0b54 100644
--- a/resolvers/node/npm.rs
+++ b/resolvers/node/npm.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,13 @@ pub trait NpmResolver: std::fmt::Debug + MaybeSend + MaybeSync {
     specifier: &str,
     referrer: &Url,
   ) -> Result<PathBuf, errors::PackageFolderResolveError>;
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::disallowed_types)]
+pub type InNpmPackageCheckerRc = crate::sync::MaybeArc<dyn InNpmPackageChecker>;
 
+/// Checks if a provided specifier is in an npm package.
+pub trait InNpmPackageChecker: std::fmt::Debug + MaybeSend + MaybeSync {
   fn in_npm_package(&self, specifier: &Url) -> bool;
 
   fn in_npm_package_at_dir_path(&self, path: &Path) -> bool {
diff --git a/resolvers/node/package_json.rs b/resolvers/node/package_json.rs
index de750f1d7..6967779e5 100644
--- a/resolvers/node/package_json.rs
+++ b/resolvers/node/package_json.rs
@@ -2,15 +2,21 @@
 
 use deno_package_json::PackageJson;
 use deno_package_json::PackageJsonRc;
+use deno_path_util::strip_unc_prefix;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::io::ErrorKind;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
+use url::Url;
 
+use crate::env::NodeResolverEnv;
+use crate::errors::CanonicalizingPkgJsonDirError;
+use crate::errors::ClosestPkgJsonError;
 use crate::errors::PackageJsonLoadError;
 
-// use a thread local cache so that workers have their own distinct cache
+// todo(dsherret): this isn't exactly correct and we should change it to instead
+// be created per worker and passed down as a ctor arg to the pkg json resolver
 thread_local! {
   static CACHE: RefCell<HashMap<PathBuf, PackageJsonRc>> = RefCell::new(HashMap::new());
 }
@@ -33,21 +39,91 @@ impl deno_package_json::PackageJsonCache for PackageJsonThreadLocalCache {
   }
 }
 
-/// Helper to load a package.json file using the thread local cache
-/// in node_resolver.
-pub fn load_pkg_json(
-  fs: &dyn deno_package_json::fs::DenoPkgJsonFs,
-  path: &Path,
-) -> Result<Option<PackageJsonRc>, PackageJsonLoadError> {
-  let result =
-    PackageJson::load_from_path(path, fs, Some(&PackageJsonThreadLocalCache));
-  match result {
-    Ok(pkg_json) => Ok(Some(pkg_json)),
-    Err(deno_package_json::PackageJsonLoadError::Io { source, .. })
-      if source.kind() == ErrorKind::NotFound =>
-    {
+#[allow(clippy::disallowed_types)]
+pub type PackageJsonResolverRc<TEnv> =
+  crate::sync::MaybeArc<PackageJsonResolver<TEnv>>;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct PackageJsonResolver<TEnv: NodeResolverEnv> {
+  env: TEnv,
+}
+
+impl<TEnv: NodeResolverEnv> PackageJsonResolver<TEnv> {
+  pub fn new(env: TEnv) -> Self {
+    Self { env }
+  }
+
+  pub fn get_closest_package_json(
+    &self,
+    url: &Url,
+  ) -> Result<Option<PackageJsonRc>, ClosestPkgJsonError> {
+    let Ok(file_path) = deno_path_util::url_to_file_path(url) else {
+      return Ok(None);
+    };
+    self.get_closest_package_json_from_path(&file_path)
+  }
+
+  pub fn get_closest_package_json_from_path(
+    &self,
+    file_path: &Path,
+  ) -> Result<Option<PackageJsonRc>, ClosestPkgJsonError> {
+    // we use this for deno compile using byonm because the script paths
+    // won't be in virtual file system, but the package.json paths will be
+    fn canonicalize_first_ancestor_exists<TEnv: NodeResolverEnv>(
+      dir_path: &Path,
+      env: &TEnv,
+    ) -> Result<Option<PathBuf>, std::io::Error> {
+      for ancestor in dir_path.ancestors() {
+        match env.realpath_sync(ancestor) {
+          Ok(dir_path) => return Ok(Some(dir_path)),
+          Err(err) if err.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {
+            // keep searching
+          }
+          Err(err) => return Err(err),
+        }
+      }
       Ok(None)
     }
-    Err(err) => Err(PackageJsonLoadError(err)),
+
+    let parent_dir = file_path.parent().unwrap();
+    let Some(start_dir) = canonicalize_first_ancestor_exists(
+      parent_dir, &self.env,
+    )
+    .map_err(|source| CanonicalizingPkgJsonDirError {
+      dir_path: parent_dir.to_path_buf(),
+      source,
+    })?
+    else {
+      return Ok(None);
+    };
+    let start_dir = strip_unc_prefix(start_dir);
+    for current_dir in start_dir.ancestors() {
+      let package_json_path = current_dir.join("package.json");
+      if let Some(pkg_json) = self.load_package_json(&package_json_path)? {
+        return Ok(Some(pkg_json));
+      }
+    }
+
+    Ok(None)
+  }
+
+  pub fn load_package_json(
+    &self,
+    path: &Path,
+  ) -> Result<Option<PackageJsonRc>, PackageJsonLoadError> {
+    let result = PackageJson::load_from_path(
+      path,
+      self.env.pkg_json_fs(),
+      Some(&PackageJsonThreadLocalCache),
+    );
+    match result {
+      Ok(pkg_json) => Ok(Some(pkg_json)),
+      Err(deno_package_json::PackageJsonLoadError::Io { source, .. })
+        if source.kind() == ErrorKind::NotFound =>
+      {
+        Ok(None)
+      }
+      Err(err) => Err(PackageJsonLoadError(err)),
+    }
   }
 }
diff --git a/resolvers/node/resolution.rs b/resolvers/node/resolution.rs
index 811583a5e..d44539e97 100644
--- a/resolvers/node/resolution.rs
+++ b/resolvers/node/resolution.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,6 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use anyhow::bail;
 use anyhow::Error as AnyError;
-use deno_media_type::MediaType;
-use deno_package_json::PackageJsonRc;
-use deno_path_util::strip_unc_prefix;
 use deno_path_util::url_from_file_path;
 use serde_json::Map;
 use serde_json::Value;
@@ -16,8 +13,6 @@ use url::Url;
 
 use crate::env::NodeResolverEnv;
 use crate::errors;
-use crate::errors::CanonicalizingPkgJsonDirError;
-use crate::errors::ClosestPkgJsonError;
 use crate::errors::DataUrlReferrerError;
 use crate::errors::FinalizeResolutionError;
 use crate::errors::InvalidModuleSpecifierError;
@@ -32,7 +27,6 @@ use crate::errors::PackageExportsResolveError;
 use crate::errors::PackageImportNotDefinedError;
 use crate::errors::PackageImportsResolveError;
 use crate::errors::PackageImportsResolveErrorKind;
-use crate::errors::PackageJsonLoadError;
 use crate::errors::PackagePathNotExportedError;
 use crate::errors::PackageResolveError;
 use crate::errors::PackageSubpathResolveError;
@@ -42,14 +36,13 @@ use crate::errors::PackageTargetResolveError;
 use crate::errors::PackageTargetResolveErrorKind;
 use crate::errors::ResolveBinaryCommandsError;
 use crate::errors::ResolvePkgJsonBinExportError;
-use crate::errors::ResolvePkgSubpathFromDenoModuleError;
-use crate::errors::TypeScriptNotSupportedInNpmError;
 use crate::errors::TypesNotFoundError;
 use crate::errors::TypesNotFoundErrorData;
 use crate::errors::UnsupportedDirImportError;
 use crate::errors::UnsupportedEsmUrlSchemeError;
-use crate::errors::UrlToNodeResolutionError;
+use crate::npm::InNpmPackageCheckerRc;
 use crate::NpmResolverRc;
+use crate::PackageJsonResolverRc;
 use crate::PathClean;
 use deno_package_json::PackageJson;
 
@@ -73,16 +66,14 @@ impl NodeResolutionMode {
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum NodeResolution {
-  Esm(Url),
-  CommonJs(Url),
+  Module(Url),
   BuiltIn(String),
 }
 
 impl NodeResolution {
   pub fn into_url(self) -> Url {
     match self {
-      Self::Esm(u) => u,
-      Self::CommonJs(u) => u,
+      Self::Module(u) => u,
       Self::BuiltIn(specifier) => {
         if specifier.starts_with("node:") {
           Url::parse(&specifier).unwrap()
@@ -92,42 +83,6 @@ impl NodeResolution {
       }
     }
   }
-
-  pub fn into_specifier_and_media_type(
-    resolution: Option<Self>,
-  ) -> (Url, MediaType) {
-    match resolution {
-      Some(NodeResolution::CommonJs(specifier)) => {
-        let media_type = MediaType::from_specifier(&specifier);
-        (
-          specifier,
-          match media_type {
-            MediaType::JavaScript | MediaType::Jsx => MediaType::Cjs,
-            MediaType::TypeScript | MediaType::Tsx => MediaType::Cts,
-            MediaType::Dts => MediaType::Dcts,
-            _ => media_type,
-          },
-        )
-      }
-      Some(NodeResolution::Esm(specifier)) => {
-        let media_type = MediaType::from_specifier(&specifier);
-        (
-          specifier,
-          match media_type {
-            MediaType::JavaScript | MediaType::Jsx => MediaType::Mjs,
-            MediaType::TypeScript | MediaType::Tsx => MediaType::Mts,
-            MediaType::Dts => MediaType::Dmts,
-            _ => media_type,
-          },
-        )
-      }
-      Some(resolution) => (resolution.into_url(), MediaType::Dts),
-      None => (
-        Url::parse("internal:///missing_dependency.d.ts").unwrap(),
-        MediaType::Dts,
-      ),
-    }
-  }
 }
 
 #[allow(clippy::disallowed_types)]
@@ -136,16 +91,28 @@ pub type NodeResolverRc<TEnv> = crate::sync::MaybeArc<NodeResolver<TEnv>>;
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct NodeResolver<TEnv: NodeResolverEnv> {
   env: TEnv,
+  in_npm_pkg_checker: InNpmPackageCheckerRc,
   npm_resolver: NpmResolverRc,
+  pkg_json_resolver: PackageJsonResolverRc<TEnv>,
 }
 
 impl<TEnv: NodeResolverEnv> NodeResolver<TEnv> {
-  pub fn new(env: TEnv, npm_resolver: NpmResolverRc) -> Self {
-    Self { env, npm_resolver }
+  pub fn new(
+    env: TEnv,
+    in_npm_pkg_checker: InNpmPackageCheckerRc,
+    npm_resolver: NpmResolverRc,
+    pkg_json_resolver: PackageJsonResolverRc<TEnv>,
+  ) -> Self {
+    Self {
+      env,
+      in_npm_pkg_checker,
+      npm_resolver,
+      pkg_json_resolver,
+    }
   }
 
   pub fn in_npm_package(&self, specifier: &Url) -> bool {
-    self.npm_resolver.in_npm_package(specifier)
+    self.in_npm_pkg_checker.in_npm_package(specifier)
   }
 
   /// This function is an implementation of `defaultResolve` in
@@ -166,7 +133,7 @@ impl<TEnv: NodeResolverEnv> NodeResolver<TEnv> {
 
     if let Ok(url) = Url::parse(specifier) {
       if url.scheme() == "data" {
-        return Ok(NodeResolution::Esm(url));
+        return Ok(NodeResolution::Module(url));
       }
 
       if let Some(module_name) =
@@ -191,7 +158,7 @@ impl<TEnv: NodeResolverEnv> NodeResolver<TEnv> {
         let url = referrer
           .join(specifier)
           .map_err(|source| DataUrlReferrerError { source })?;
-        return Ok(NodeResolution::Esm(url));
+        return Ok(NodeResolution::Module(url));
       }
     }
 
@@ -212,7 +179,7 @@ impl<TEnv: NodeResolverEnv> NodeResolver<TEnv> {
     };
 
     let url = self.finalize_resolution(url, Some(referrer))?;
-    let resolve_response = self.url_to_node_resolution(url)?;
+    let resolve_response = NodeResolution::Module(url);
     // TODO(bartlomieju): skipped checking errors for commonJS resolution and
     // "preserveSymlinksMain"/"preserveSymlinks" options.
     Ok(resolve_response)
@@ -236,6 +203,7 @@ impl<TEnv: NodeResolverEnv> NodeResolver<TEnv> {
       })?)
     } else if specifier.starts_with('#') {
       let pkg_config = self
+        .pkg_json_resolver
         .get_closest_package_json(referrer)
         .map_err(PackageImportsResolveErrorKind::ClosestPkgJson)
         .map_err(|err| PackageImportsResolveError(Box::new(err)))?;
@@ -332,7 +300,7 @@ impl<TEnv: NodeResolverEnv> NodeResolver<TEnv> {
     package_subpath: Option<&str>,
     maybe_referrer: Option<&Url>,
     mode: NodeResolutionMode,
-  ) -> Result<NodeResolution, ResolvePkgSubpathFromDenoModuleError> {
+  ) -> Result<Url, PackageSubpathResolveError> {
     let node_module_kind = NodeModuleKind::Esm;
     let package_subpath = package_subpath
       .map(|s| format!("./{s}"))
@@ -345,10 +313,9 @@ impl<TEnv: NodeResolverEnv> NodeResolver<TEnv> {
       DEFAULT_CONDITIONS,
       mode,
     )?;
-    let resolve_response = self.url_to_node_resolution(resolved_url)?;
     // TODO(bartlomieju): skipped checking errors for commonJS resolution and
     // "preserveSymlinksMain"/"preserveSymlinks" options.
-    Ok(resolve_response)
+    Ok(resolved_url)
   }
 
   pub fn resolve_binary_commands(
@@ -356,7 +323,9 @@ impl<TEnv: NodeResolverEnv> NodeResolver<TEnv> {
     package_folder: &Path,
   ) -> Result<Vec<String>, ResolveBinaryCommandsError> {
     let pkg_json_path = package_folder.join("package.json");
-    let Some(package_json) = self.load_package_json(&pkg_json_path)? else {
+    let Some(package_json) =
+      self.pkg_json_resolver.load_package_json(&pkg_json_path)?
+    else {
       return Ok(Vec::new());
     };
 
@@ -381,9 +350,11 @@ impl<TEnv: NodeResolverEnv> NodeResolver<TEnv> {
     &self,
     package_folder: &Path,
     sub_path: Option<&str>,
-  ) -> Result<NodeResolution, ResolvePkgJsonBinExportError> {
+  ) -> Result<Url, ResolvePkgJsonBinExportError> {
     let pkg_json_path = package_folder.join("package.json");
-    let Some(package_json) = self.load_package_json(&pkg_json_path)? else {
+    let Some(package_json) =
+      self.pkg_json_resolver.load_package_json(&pkg_json_path)?
+    else {
       return Err(ResolvePkgJsonBinExportError::MissingPkgJson {
         pkg_json_path,
       });
@@ -396,37 +367,9 @@ impl<TEnv: NodeResolverEnv> NodeResolver<TEnv> {
       })?;
     let url = url_from_file_path(&package_folder.join(bin_entry)).unwrap();
 
-    let resolve_response = self.url_to_node_resolution(url)?;
     // TODO(bartlomieju): skipped checking errors for commonJS resolution and
     // "preserveSymlinksMain"/"preserveSymlinks" options.
-    Ok(resolve_response)
-  }
-
-  pub fn url_to_node_resolution(
-    &self,
-    url: Url,
-  ) -> Result<NodeResolution, UrlToNodeResolutionError> {
-    let url_str = url.as_str().to_lowercase();
-    if url_str.starts_with("http") || url_str.ends_with(".json") {
-      Ok(NodeResolution::Esm(url))
-    } else if url_str.ends_with(".js") || url_str.ends_with(".d.ts") {
-      let maybe_package_config = self.get_closest_package_json(&url)?;
-      match maybe_package_config {
-        Some(c) if c.typ == "module" => Ok(NodeResolution::Esm(url)),
-        Some(_) => Ok(NodeResolution::CommonJs(url)),
-        None => Ok(NodeResolution::Esm(url)),
-      }
-    } else if url_str.ends_with(".mjs") || url_str.ends_with(".d.mts") {
-      Ok(NodeResolution::Esm(url))
-    } else if url_str.ends_with(".ts") || url_str.ends_with(".mts") {
-      if self.in_npm_package(&url) {
-        Err(TypeScriptNotSupportedInNpmError { specifier: url }.into())
-      } else {
-        Ok(NodeResolution::Esm(url))
-      }
-    } else {
-      Ok(NodeResolution::CommonJs(url))
-    }
+    Ok(url)
   }
 
   /// Checks if the resolved file has a corresponding declaration file.
@@ -1101,7 +1044,9 @@ impl<TEnv: NodeResolverEnv> NodeResolver<TEnv> {
     let (package_name, package_subpath, _is_scoped) =
       parse_npm_pkg_name(specifier, referrer)?;
 
-    if let Some(package_config) = self.get_closest_package_json(referrer)? {
+    if let Some(package_config) =
+      self.pkg_json_resolver.get_closest_package_json(referrer)?
+    {
       // ResolveSelf
       if package_config.name.as_ref() == Some(&package_name) {
         if let Some(exports) = &package_config.exports {
@@ -1216,7 +1161,10 @@ impl<TEnv: NodeResolverEnv> NodeResolver<TEnv> {
     mode: NodeResolutionMode,
   ) -> Result<Url, PackageSubpathResolveError> {
     let package_json_path = package_dir_path.join("package.json");
-    match self.load_package_json(&package_json_path)? {
+    match self
+      .pkg_json_resolver
+      .load_package_json(&package_json_path)?
+    {
       Some(pkg_json) => self.resolve_package_subpath(
         &pkg_json,
         package_subpath,
@@ -1337,70 +1285,6 @@ impl<TEnv: NodeResolverEnv> NodeResolver<TEnv> {
     }
   }
 
-  pub fn get_closest_package_json(
-    &self,
-    url: &Url,
-  ) -> Result<Option<PackageJsonRc>, ClosestPkgJsonError> {
-    let Ok(file_path) = deno_path_util::url_to_file_path(url) else {
-      return Ok(None);
-    };
-    self.get_closest_package_json_from_path(&file_path)
-  }
-
-  pub fn get_closest_package_json_from_path(
-    &self,
-    file_path: &Path,
-  ) -> Result<Option<PackageJsonRc>, ClosestPkgJsonError> {
-    // we use this for deno compile using byonm because the script paths
-    // won't be in virtual file system, but the package.json paths will be
-    fn canonicalize_first_ancestor_exists(
-      dir_path: &Path,
-      env: &dyn NodeResolverEnv,
-    ) -> Result<Option<PathBuf>, std::io::Error> {
-      for ancestor in dir_path.ancestors() {
-        match env.realpath_sync(ancestor) {
-          Ok(dir_path) => return Ok(Some(dir_path)),
-          Err(err) if err.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {
-            // keep searching
-          }
-          Err(err) => return Err(err),
-        }
-      }
-      Ok(None)
-    }
-
-    let parent_dir = file_path.parent().unwrap();
-    let Some(start_dir) = canonicalize_first_ancestor_exists(
-      parent_dir, &self.env,
-    )
-    .map_err(|source| CanonicalizingPkgJsonDirError {
-      dir_path: parent_dir.to_path_buf(),
-      source,
-    })?
-    else {
-      return Ok(None);
-    };
-    let start_dir = strip_unc_prefix(start_dir);
-    for current_dir in start_dir.ancestors() {
-      let package_json_path = current_dir.join("package.json");
-      if let Some(pkg_json) = self.load_package_json(&package_json_path)? {
-        return Ok(Some(pkg_json));
-      }
-    }
-
-    Ok(None)
-  }
-
-  pub fn load_package_json(
-    &self,
-    package_json_path: &Path,
-  ) -> Result<Option<PackageJsonRc>, PackageJsonLoadError> {
-    crate::package_json::load_pkg_json(
-      self.env.pkg_json_fs(),
-      package_json_path,
-    )
-  }
-
   pub(super) fn legacy_main_resolve(
     &self,
     package_json: &PackageJson,
diff --git a/runtime/errors.rs b/runtime/errors.rs
index a5c436e75..ada26ec35 100644
--- a/runtime/errors.rs
+++ b/runtime/errors.rs
@@ -1048,8 +1048,6 @@ mod node {
       WorkerThreadsFilenameError::UrlToPathString => "Error",
       WorkerThreadsFilenameError::UrlToPath => "Error",
       WorkerThreadsFilenameError::FileNotFound(_) => "Error",
-      WorkerThreadsFilenameError::NeitherEsmNorCjs => "Error",
-      WorkerThreadsFilenameError::UrlToNodeResolution(_) => "Error",
       WorkerThreadsFilenameError::Fs(e) => super::get_fs_error(e),
     }
   }
@@ -1058,11 +1056,13 @@ mod node {
     match error {
       RequireError::UrlParse(e) => get_url_parse_error_class(e),
       RequireError::Permission(e) => get_error_class_name(e).unwrap_or("Error"),
-      RequireError::PackageExportsResolve(_) => "Error",
-      RequireError::PackageJsonLoad(_) => "Error",
-      RequireError::ClosestPkgJson(_) => "Error",
-      RequireError::FilePathConversion(_) => "Error",
-      RequireError::PackageImportsResolve(_) => "Error",
+      RequireError::PackageExportsResolve(_)
+      | RequireError::PackageJsonLoad(_)
+      | RequireError::ClosestPkgJson(_)
+      | RequireError::FilePathConversion(_)
+      | RequireError::UrlConversion(_)
+      | RequireError::ReadModule(_)
+      | RequireError::PackageImportsResolve(_) => "Error",
       RequireError::Fs(e) | RequireError::UnableToGetCwd(e) => {
         super::get_fs_error(e)
       }
diff --git a/runtime/shared.rs b/runtime/shared.rs
index 02dfd1871..f7d76f67a 100644
--- a/runtime/shared.rs
+++ b/runtime/shared.rs
@@ -98,6 +98,7 @@ pub fn maybe_transpile_source(
         imports_not_used_as_values: deno_ast::ImportsNotUsedAsValues::Remove,
         ..Default::default()
       },
+      &deno_ast::TranspileModuleOptions::default(),
       &deno_ast::EmitOptions {
         source_map: if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
           SourceMapOption::Separate
@@ -109,9 +110,9 @@ pub fn maybe_transpile_source(
     )?
     .into_source();
 
-  let maybe_source_map: Option<SourceMapData> =
-    transpiled_source.source_map.map(|sm| sm.into());
-  let source_text = String::from_utf8(transpiled_source.source)?;
-
+  let maybe_source_map: Option<SourceMapData> = transpiled_source
+    .source_map
+    .map(|sm| sm.into_bytes().into());
+  let source_text = transpiled_source.text;
   Ok((source_text.into(), maybe_source_map))
 }
diff --git a/tests/integration/run_tests.rs b/tests/integration/run_tests.rs
index db9f79556..a07dd56c8 100644
--- a/tests/integration/run_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/integration/run_tests.rs
@@ -3605,7 +3605,8 @@ fn running_declaration_files() {
     temp_dir.write(file, "");
     context
       .new_command()
-      .args_vec(["run", file])
+      // todo(dsherret): investigate why --allow-read is required here
+      .args_vec(["run", "--allow-read", file])
       .run()
       .skip_output_check()
       .assert_exit_code(0);
diff --git a/tests/registry/npm/@denotest/type-commonjs/1.0.0/index.js b/tests/registry/npm/@denotest/type-commonjs/1.0.0/index.js
index cb0ff5c3b..d3f80a049 100644
--- a/tests/registry/npm/@denotest/type-commonjs/1.0.0/index.js
+++ b/tests/registry/npm/@denotest/type-commonjs/1.0.0/index.js
@@ -1 +1,5 @@
-export {};
+// this module is declared as CommonJS, but during loading we'll
+// discover it's ESM and load it fine
+export function add(a, b) {
+  return a + b;
+}
diff --git a/tests/specs/check/css_import/exists_run_with_check.out b/tests/specs/check/css_import/exists_run_with_check.out
index 1a1dafeb7..315769e40 100644
--- a/tests/specs/check/css_import/exists_run_with_check.out
+++ b/tests/specs/check/css_import/exists_run_with_check.out
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-error: Expected a JavaScript or TypeScript module, but identified a Unknown module. Importing these types of modules is currently not supported.
+error: Expected a JavaScript or TypeScript module, but identified a Css module. Importing these types of modules is currently not supported.
   Specifier: file:///[WILDLINE]/app.css
     at file:///[WILDLINE]/exists.ts:2:8
diff --git a/tests/specs/compile/cjs/__test__.jsonc b/tests/specs/compile/cjs/__test__.jsonc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9bdcf4724
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/compile/cjs/__test__.jsonc
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+{
+  "tempDir": true,
+  "steps": [{
+    "if": "unix",
+    "args": "compile --output main main.js",
+    "output": "[WILDCARD]"
+  }, {
+    "if": "unix",
+    "commandName": "./main",
+    "args": [],
+    "output": "output.out",
+    "exitCode": 0
+  }, {
+    "if": "windows",
+    "args": "compile --output main.exe main.js",
+    "output": "[WILDCARD]"
+  }, {
+    "if": "windows",
+    "commandName": "./main.exe",
+    "args": [],
+    "output": "output.out",
+    "exitCode": 0
+  }]
+}
diff --git a/tests/specs/compile/cjs/add.cjs b/tests/specs/compile/cjs/add.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bf9060126
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/compile/cjs/add.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+module.exports = (a, b) => a + b;
diff --git a/tests/specs/compile/cjs/divide.cts b/tests/specs/compile/cjs/divide.cts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d89a600a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/compile/cjs/divide.cts
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+module.exports.divide = (a: number, b: number) => a / b;
diff --git a/tests/specs/compile/cjs/main.js b/tests/specs/compile/cjs/main.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c2a8c7be0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/compile/cjs/main.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+import { add } from "./reexport.cjs";
+import { multiply } from "./multiply.cts";
+
+console.log(add(1, 2));
+console.log(multiply(2, 3));
diff --git a/tests/specs/compile/cjs/multiply.cts b/tests/specs/compile/cjs/multiply.cts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c0618cfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/compile/cjs/multiply.cts
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+/// <reference types="npm:@types/node" />
+exports.multiply = function (a: number, b: number): number {
+  return require("./divide.cts").divide(a, 1 / b);
+};
diff --git a/tests/specs/compile/cjs/output.out b/tests/specs/compile/cjs/output.out
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2559e5c49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/compile/cjs/output.out
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+3
+6
diff --git a/tests/specs/compile/cjs/reexport.cjs b/tests/specs/compile/cjs/reexport.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..af7cecfdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/compile/cjs/reexport.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+module.exports.add = require("./add.cjs");
diff --git a/tests/specs/compile/detect_cjs/__test__.jsonc b/tests/specs/compile/detect_cjs/__test__.jsonc
index 32bebb7a5..0abf121f0 100644
--- a/tests/specs/compile/detect_cjs/__test__.jsonc
+++ b/tests/specs/compile/detect_cjs/__test__.jsonc
@@ -1,24 +1,27 @@
 {
   "tempDir": true,
   "steps": [{
+    "args": "install",
+    "output": "[WILDCARD]"
+  }, {
     "if": "unix",
-    "args": "compile --allow-read --output main main.js",
+    "args": "compile --output main main.js",
     "output": "compile.out"
   }, {
     "if": "unix",
     "commandName": "./main",
     "args": [],
     "output": "output.out",
-    "exitCode": 1
+    "exitCode": 0
   }, {
     "if": "windows",
-    "args": "compile --allow-read --output main.exe main.js",
+    "args": "compile --output main.exe main.js",
     "output": "compile.out"
   }, {
     "if": "windows",
     "commandName": "./main.exe",
     "args": [],
     "output": "output.out",
-    "exitCode": 1
+    "exitCode": 0
   }]
 }
diff --git a/tests/specs/compile/detect_cjs/add.js b/tests/specs/compile/detect_cjs/add.js
index 2a886fbc1..94b0263f0 100644
--- a/tests/specs/compile/detect_cjs/add.js
+++ b/tests/specs/compile/detect_cjs/add.js
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 module.exports.add = function (a, b) {
-  return a + b;
+  return require("./subtract.ts").subtract(a, -b);
 };
diff --git a/tests/specs/compile/detect_cjs/compile.out b/tests/specs/compile/detect_cjs/compile.out
index 6509b7f29..913e363c3 100644
--- a/tests/specs/compile/detect_cjs/compile.out
+++ b/tests/specs/compile/detect_cjs/compile.out
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-Warning --unstable-detect-cjs is not properly supported in deno compile. The compiled executable may encounter runtime errors.
 Check file:///[WILDLINE]/main.js
 Compile file:///[WILDLINE]
diff --git a/tests/specs/compile/detect_cjs/output.out b/tests/specs/compile/detect_cjs/output.out
index e1c27b8dc..00750edc0 100644
--- a/tests/specs/compile/detect_cjs/output.out
+++ b/tests/specs/compile/detect_cjs/output.out
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
-error: Uncaught SyntaxError: The requested module './add.js' does not provide an export named 'add'
-    at <anonymous> (file:///[WILDLINE])
+3
diff --git a/tests/specs/compile/detect_cjs/package.json b/tests/specs/compile/detect_cjs/package.json
index 5bbefffba..6e65b32ed 100644
--- a/tests/specs/compile/detect_cjs/package.json
+++ b/tests/specs/compile/detect_cjs/package.json
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 {
-  "type": "commonjs"
+  "type": "commonjs",
+  "dependencies": {
+    "@types/node": "*"
+  }
 }
diff --git a/tests/specs/compile/detect_cjs/subtract.ts b/tests/specs/compile/detect_cjs/subtract.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e4f6760b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/compile/detect_cjs/subtract.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+/// <reference types="npm:@types/node" />
+module.exports.subtract = (a: number, b: number) => a - b;
diff --git a/tests/specs/npm/require_type_commonjs/__test__.jsonc b/tests/specs/npm/require_type_commonjs/__test__.jsonc
index c9ba97ff5..a71173ce3 100644
--- a/tests/specs/npm/require_type_commonjs/__test__.jsonc
+++ b/tests/specs/npm/require_type_commonjs/__test__.jsonc
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 {
   "args": "run --allow-read --quiet main.ts",
-  "output": "main.out",
-  "exitCode": 1
+  "output": "main.out"
 }
diff --git a/tests/specs/npm/require_type_commonjs/main.out b/tests/specs/npm/require_type_commonjs/main.out
index d715db8a9..00750edc0 100644
--- a/tests/specs/npm/require_type_commonjs/main.out
+++ b/tests/specs/npm/require_type_commonjs/main.out
@@ -1,4 +1 @@
-error: 'import', and 'export' cannot be used outside of module code at file://[WILDCARD]/@denotest/type-commonjs/1.0.0/index.js:1:1
-
-  export {};
-  ~~~~~~
+3
diff --git a/tests/specs/npm/require_type_commonjs/main.ts b/tests/specs/npm/require_type_commonjs/main.ts
index 243eb216e..95ec6099e 100644
--- a/tests/specs/npm/require_type_commonjs/main.ts
+++ b/tests/specs/npm/require_type_commonjs/main.ts
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
-import "npm:@denotest/type-commonjs";
+import { add } from "npm:@denotest/type-commonjs";
+console.log(add(1, 2));
diff --git a/tests/specs/npm/typescript_file_in_package/__test__.jsonc b/tests/specs/npm/typescript_file_in_package/__test__.jsonc
index 08979ed25..7b5c5e1b6 100644
--- a/tests/specs/npm/typescript_file_in_package/__test__.jsonc
+++ b/tests/specs/npm/typescript_file_in_package/__test__.jsonc
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "args": "run typescript_file_in_package/main.ts",
-  "output": "typescript_file_in_package/main.out",
+  "args": "run main.ts",
+  "output": "main.out",
   "exitCode": 1
 }
diff --git a/tests/specs/npm/typescript_file_in_package/main.out b/tests/specs/npm/typescript_file_in_package/main.out
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..58290a873
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/npm/typescript_file_in_package/main.out
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Download http://localhost:4260/@denotest%2ftypescript-file
+Download http://localhost:4260/@denotest/typescript-file/1.0.0.tgz
+error: TypeScript files are not supported in npm packages: file:///[WILDCARD]/@denotest/typescript-file/1.0.0/index.ts
diff --git a/tests/specs/npm/typescript_file_in_package/typescript_file_in_package/main.ts b/tests/specs/npm/typescript_file_in_package/main.ts
index aefc38ebe..aefc38ebe 100644
--- a/tests/specs/npm/typescript_file_in_package/typescript_file_in_package/main.ts
+++ b/tests/specs/npm/typescript_file_in_package/main.ts
diff --git a/tests/specs/npm/typescript_file_in_package/typescript_file_in_package/main.out b/tests/specs/npm/typescript_file_in_package/typescript_file_in_package/main.out
deleted file mode 100644
index b3faa8790..000000000
--- a/tests/specs/npm/typescript_file_in_package/typescript_file_in_package/main.out
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-Download http://localhost:4260/@denotest%2ftypescript-file
-Download http://localhost:4260/@denotest/typescript-file/1.0.0.tgz
-error: Could not resolve 'npm:@denotest/typescript-file@1.0.0'.
-
-Caused by:
-    TypeScript files are not supported in npm packages: file:///[WILDCARD]/@denotest/typescript-file/1.0.0/index.ts
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/cjs/main_module/__test__.jsonc b/tests/specs/run/cjs/main_module/__test__.jsonc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e756a6362
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cjs/main_module/__test__.jsonc
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+  "args": "run --allow-read main.cjs",
+  "output": "main.out"
+}
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/cjs/main_module/main.cjs b/tests/specs/run/cjs/main_module/main.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2a4c57ab1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cjs/main_module/main.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+console.log(require.main);
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/cjs/main_module/main.out b/tests/specs/run/cjs/main_module/main.out
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..93b86d27e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cjs/main_module/main.out
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Module {
+  id: ".",
+  [WILDCARD]
+  filename: "[WILDCARD]main.cjs",
+[WILDCARD]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/cjs_reexport_non_analyzable/__test__.jsonc b/tests/specs/run/cjs/reexport_non_analyzable/__test__.jsonc
index 81f29b685..81f29b685 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/cjs_reexport_non_analyzable/__test__.jsonc
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cjs/reexport_non_analyzable/__test__.jsonc
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/cjs_reexport_non_analyzable/deno.json b/tests/specs/run/cjs/reexport_non_analyzable/deno.json
index fde86a1ef..fde86a1ef 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/cjs_reexport_non_analyzable/deno.json
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cjs/reexport_non_analyzable/deno.json
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/cjs_reexport_non_analyzable/main.ts b/tests/specs/run/cjs/reexport_non_analyzable/main.ts
index a9e32af4e..a9e32af4e 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/cjs_reexport_non_analyzable/main.ts
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cjs/reexport_non_analyzable/main.ts
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/cjs_reexport_non_analyzable/node_modules/foo.cjs b/tests/specs/run/cjs/reexport_non_analyzable/node_modules/foo.cjs
index 924d8a96a..924d8a96a 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/cjs_reexport_non_analyzable/node_modules/foo.cjs
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cjs/reexport_non_analyzable/node_modules/foo.cjs
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/cjs/unprepared/__test__.jsonc b/tests/specs/run/cjs/unprepared/__test__.jsonc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f816bad86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cjs/unprepared/__test__.jsonc
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+  "args": "run -A main.ts",
+  "output": "main.out"
+}
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/cjs/unprepared/file.cjs b/tests/specs/run/cjs/unprepared/file.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ba0c6fa6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cjs/unprepared/file.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+// non-analyzable
+const moduleName = "./output.cjs";
+function getModuleName() {
+  return moduleName;
+}
+
+require(getModuleName());
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/cjs/unprepared/main.out b/tests/specs/run/cjs/unprepared/main.out
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e965047ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cjs/unprepared/main.out
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hello
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/cjs/unprepared/main.ts b/tests/specs/run/cjs/unprepared/main.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5630b4fbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cjs/unprepared/main.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+// non-analyzable
+const moduleName = "./output.cjs";
+function getModuleName() {
+  return moduleName;
+}
+
+await import(getModuleName());
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/cjs/unprepared/output.cjs b/tests/specs/run/cjs/unprepared/output.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..54ed3702f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cjs/unprepared/output.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+console.log("Hello");
+
+module.exports = 1;
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/cts/cjs_import_cts/__test__.jsonc b/tests/specs/run/cts/cjs_import_cts/__test__.jsonc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2205183d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cts/cjs_import_cts/__test__.jsonc
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+  "tests": {
+    "no_check": {
+      "args": "run --allow-read main.js",
+      "output": "main.out"
+    },
+    "check": {
+      "args": "check main.js",
+      "output": "check.out",
+      "exitCode": 1
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/add.js b/tests/specs/run/cts/cjs_import_cts/add.cts
index 2a886fbc1..2a886fbc1 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/add.js
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cts/cjs_import_cts/add.cts
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/cts/cjs_import_cts/check.out b/tests/specs/run/cts/cjs_import_cts/check.out
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a27e8d7af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cts/cjs_import_cts/check.out
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+Check file:///[WILDLINE]main.js
+error: TS2580 [ERROR]: Cannot find name 'module'.
+module.exports.add = function (a, b) {
+~~~~~~
+    at file:///[WILDLINE]
+
+TS7006 [ERROR]: Parameter 'a' implicitly has an 'any' type.
+module.exports.add = function (a, b) {
+                               ^
+    at file:///[WILDLINE]
+
+TS7006 [ERROR]: Parameter 'b' implicitly has an 'any' type.
+module.exports.add = function (a, b) {
+                                  ^
+    at file:///[WILDLINE]
+
+Found 3 errors.
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/cts/cjs_import_cts/main.js b/tests/specs/run/cts/cjs_import_cts/main.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9546a0fea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cts/cjs_import_cts/main.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+import { subtract } from "./subtract.cjs";
+
+console.log(subtract(1, 2));
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/cts/cjs_import_cts/main.out b/tests/specs/run/cts/cjs_import_cts/main.out
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a2e3f498
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cts/cjs_import_cts/main.out
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+-1
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/cts/cjs_import_cts/subtract.cjs b/tests/specs/run/cts/cjs_import_cts/subtract.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7dee54346
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cts/cjs_import_cts/subtract.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+module.exports.subtract = function (a, b) {
+  return require("./add.cts").add(a, -b);
+};
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/cts/import_export_equals/__test__.jsonc b/tests/specs/run/cts/import_export_equals/__test__.jsonc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a5c6db42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cts/import_export_equals/__test__.jsonc
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+{
+  "tests": {
+    "main": {
+      "args": "run --check --allow-read=. main.cts",
+      "output": "main.out"
+    },
+    "mts": {
+      "args": "run --allow-read=. mod.mts",
+      "output": "mod.mts.out"
+    },
+    "mts_check": {
+      "args": "check mod.mts",
+      "output": "mod.mts.check.out",
+      "exitCode": 1
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/cts/import_export_equals/add.cts b/tests/specs/run/cts/import_export_equals/add.cts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..adf3503ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cts/import_export_equals/add.cts
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+export = function (a: number, b: number) {
+  return a + b;
+};
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/cts/import_export_equals/main.cts b/tests/specs/run/cts/import_export_equals/main.cts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e5c45f92e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cts/import_export_equals/main.cts
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+import add = require("./add.cts");
+
+console.log(add(1, 2));
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/cts/import_export_equals/main.out b/tests/specs/run/cts/import_export_equals/main.out
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e7a973a7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cts/import_export_equals/main.out
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Check file:///[WILDLINE]/main.cts
+3
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/cts/import_export_equals/mod.mts b/tests/specs/run/cts/import_export_equals/mod.mts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5fbbd6c6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cts/import_export_equals/mod.mts
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+import add from "./add.cts";
+
+console.log(add(1, "test"));
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/cts/import_export_equals/mod.mts.check.out b/tests/specs/run/cts/import_export_equals/mod.mts.check.out
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..870353901
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cts/import_export_equals/mod.mts.check.out
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Check file:///[WILDLINE]/mod.mts
+error: TS2345 [ERROR]: Argument of type 'string' is not assignable to parameter of type 'number'.
+console.log(add(1, "test"));
+                   ~~~~~~
+    at file:///[WILDLINE]/mod.mts:3:20
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/cts/import_export_equals/mod.mts.out b/tests/specs/run/cts/import_export_equals/mod.mts.out
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..208465a08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cts/import_export_equals/mod.mts.out
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+1test
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/cts/main/__test__.jsonc b/tests/specs/run/cts/main/__test__.jsonc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0157b44e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cts/main/__test__.jsonc
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+  "args": "run --allow-read main.cts",
+  "output": "main.out"
+}
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/cts/main/import_main.cjs b/tests/specs/run/cts/main/import_main.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f61e0da2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cts/main/import_main.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+require("./main.cts").sayHello();
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/cts/main/main.cts b/tests/specs/run/cts/main/main.cts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0b0330686
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cts/main/main.cts
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+module.exports.sayHello = function () {
+  console.log("Hello");
+};
+
+require("./import_main.cjs");
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/cts/main/main.out b/tests/specs/run/cts/main/main.out
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e965047ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/cts/main/main.out
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hello
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/__test__.jsonc b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/__test__.jsonc
index 85b7219fa..85b7219fa 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/__test__.jsonc
+++ b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/__test__.jsonc
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/add.js b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/add.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2a886fbc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/add.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+module.exports.add = function (a, b) {
+  return a + b;
+};
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/deno.jsonc b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/deno.jsonc
index 35f64c86f..35f64c86f 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/deno.jsonc
+++ b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/deno.jsonc
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/import_import_meta.js b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/import_import_meta.js
index f07518985..f07518985 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/import_import_meta.js
+++ b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/import_import_meta.js
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/import_meta.js b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/import_meta.js
index 2bdbc30fe..2bdbc30fe 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/import_meta.js
+++ b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/import_meta.js
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/main_cjs.js b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/main_cjs.js
index 365e8e06f..365e8e06f 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/main_cjs.js
+++ b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/main_cjs.js
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/main_esm.js b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/main_esm.js
index 8c55f673b..8c55f673b 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/main_esm.js
+++ b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/main_esm.js
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/main_esm_import_meta.js b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/main_esm_import_meta.js
index f1dff20b5..f1dff20b5 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/main_esm_import_meta.js
+++ b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/main_esm_import_meta.js
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/main_esm_import_meta.out b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/main_esm_import_meta.out
index e177defff..e177defff 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/main_esm_import_meta.out
+++ b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/main_esm_import_meta.out
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/main_mix.js b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/main_mix.js
index 2a2c2c62a..2a2c2c62a 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/main_mix.js
+++ b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/main_mix.js
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/main_mix.out b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/main_mix.out
index 78f421644..78f421644 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/main_mix.out
+++ b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/main_mix.out
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/not_import_meta.js b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/not_import_meta.js
index 216b900df..216b900df 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/not_import_meta.js
+++ b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/not_import_meta.js
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/package.json b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/package.json
index 5bbefffba..5bbefffba 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/package.json
+++ b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/package.json
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/tla.js b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/tla.js
index 978578de4..978578de4 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/tla.js
+++ b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/basic/tla.js
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/jsx/__test__.jsonc b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/jsx/__test__.jsonc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f815fd72c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/jsx/__test__.jsonc
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "tempDir": true,
+  "args": "run -A --quiet main.jsx",
+  "output": "main.out"
+}
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/jsx/add.js b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/jsx/add.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2a886fbc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/jsx/add.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+module.exports.add = function (a, b) {
+  return a + b;
+};
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/jsx/deno.jsonc b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/jsx/deno.jsonc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..192ddb98c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/jsx/deno.jsonc
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "nodeModulesDir": "auto",
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "jsx": "react-jsx",
+    "jsxImportSource": "react"
+  },
+  "unstable": [
+    "detect-cjs"
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/jsx/main.jsx b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/jsx/main.jsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1922fce1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/jsx/main.jsx
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+const { add } = require("./add.js");
+
+console.log(add(1, 2));
+
+console.log(<div /> != null);
+
+require("./tsx.tsx");
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/jsx/main.out b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/jsx/main.out
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cdcf04541
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/jsx/main.out
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+3
+true
+4
+true
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/jsx/package.json b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/jsx/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..88afcdcd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/jsx/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "type": "commonjs",
+  "dependencies": {
+    "@types/react": "*",
+    "react": "*"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/jsx/tsx.tsx b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/jsx/tsx.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ad8f0c0a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/specs/run/package_json_type/commonjs/jsx/tsx.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+import mod = require("./add.js");
+
+console.log(mod.add(2, 2));
+
+console.log(<div /> != null);
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/remote_cjs_main/output.out b/tests/specs/run/remote_cjs_main/output.out
index f75c33907..360934acb 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/remote_cjs_main/output.out
+++ b/tests/specs/run/remote_cjs_main/output.out
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 Download http://localhost:4545/run/add.cjs
-error: Expected a JavaScript or TypeScript module, but identified a Cjs module. Importing these types of modules is currently not supported.
+error: Remote CJS modules are not supported.
   Specifier: http://localhost:4545/run/add.cjs
diff --git a/tests/specs/run/require_esm/main.out b/tests/specs/run/require_esm/main.out
index d17b1ead5..57b842b34 100644
--- a/tests/specs/run/require_esm/main.out
+++ b/tests/specs/run/require_esm/main.out
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [Module: null prototype] { sync_js: 1 }
 [Module: null prototype] { sync_mjs: 1 }
-error: Uncaught Error: Top-level await is not allowed in synchronous evaluation
+error: Uncaught (in promise) Error: Top-level await is not allowed in synchronous evaluation
     at loadESMFromCJS (node:module:[WILDCARD])
     at Module._compile (node:module:[WILDCARD])
     at Object.Module._extensions..js (node:module:[WILDCARD])
diff --git a/tests/testdata/npm/deno_run_cowsay_no_permissions.out b/tests/testdata/npm/deno_run_cowsay_no_permissions.out
index 6434620e2..25b79d9a7 100644
--- a/tests/testdata/npm/deno_run_cowsay_no_permissions.out
+++ b/tests/testdata/npm/deno_run_cowsay_no_permissions.out
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-error: Uncaught NotCapable: Requires read access to <CWD>, specify the required permissions during compilation using `deno compile --allow-read`
+error: Uncaught (in promise) NotCapable: Requires read access to <CWD>, specify the required permissions during compilation using `deno compile --allow-read`
 [WILDCARD]