feat:: External webgpu surfaces / BYOW (#21835)

This PR contains the implementation of the External webgpu surfaces /
BYOW proposal. BYOW stands for "Bring your own window".

Closes #21713 

Adds `Deno.UnsafeWindowSurface` ( `--unstable-webgpu` API) to the `Deno`
namespace:

```typescript
class UnsafeWindowSurface {
  constructor(
    system: "cocoa" | "x11" | "win32",
    winHandle: Deno.PointerValue,
    displayHandle: Deno.PointerValue | null
  );
  
  getContext(type: "webgpu"): GPUCanvasContext;

  present(): void;
}
```

For the initial pass, I've opted to support the three major windowing
systems. The parameters correspond to the table below:
| system                      | winHandle  | displayHandle |
| -----------------     | ----------   | ------- |
| "cocoa" (macOS)    | `NSView*`       | - |
| "win32" (Windows) | `HWND`         | `HINSTANCE` |
| "x11" (Linux)            | Xlib `Window` | Xlib `Display*` |

Ecosystem support:

- [x] deno_sdl2 (sdl2) -
[mod.ts#L1209](https://github.com/littledivy/deno_sdl2/blob/7e177bc6524750a8849c25ce421798b2e71ec943/mod.ts#L1209)
- [x] dwm (glfw) - https://github.com/deno-windowing/dwm/issues/29
- [ ] pane (winit)

<details>
<summary>Example</summary>

```typescript
// A simple clear screen pass, colors based on mouse position.

import { EventType, WindowBuilder } from "https://deno.land/x/sdl2@0.7.0/mod.ts";

const window = new WindowBuilder("sdl2 + deno + webgpu", 640, 480).build();
const [system, windowHandle, displayHandle] = window.rawHandle();

const adapter = await navigator.gpu.requestAdapter();
const device = await adapter.requestDevice();

const context = Deno.createWindowSurface(system, windowHandle, displayHandle);

context.configure({
  device: device,
  format: "bgra8unorm",
  height: 480,
  width: 640,
});

let r = 0.0;
let g = 0.0;
let b = 0.0;

for (const event of window.events()) {
  if (event.type === EventType.Quit) {
    break;
  } else if (event.type === EventType.Draw) {
    const textureView = context.getCurrentTexture().createView();

    const renderPassDescriptor: GPURenderPassDescriptor = {
      colorAttachments: [
        {
          view: textureView,
          clearValue: { r, g, b, a: 1.0 },
          loadOp: "clear",
          storeOp: "store",
        },
      ],
    };

    const commandEncoder = device.createCommandEncoder();
    const passEncoder = commandEncoder.beginRenderPass(renderPassDescriptor);
    passEncoder.end();

    device.queue.submit([commandEncoder.finish()]);
    Deno.presentGPUCanvasContext(context);
  }

  if (event.type === EventType.MouseMotion) {
    r = event.x / 640;
    g = event.y / 480;
    b = 1.0 - r - g;
  }
}
```

You can find more examples in the linked tracking issue.

</details>

---------

Signed-off-by: Divy Srivastava <dj.srivastava23@gmail.com>

5 files changed, 161 insertions, 6 deletions

diff --git a/ext/webgpu/02_surface.js b/ext/webgpu/02_surface.js
index 319179dc1..1c9751f62 100644
--- a/ext/webgpu/02_surface.js
+++ b/ext/webgpu/02_surface.js
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ const {
   ObjectPrototypeIsPrototypeOf,
   Symbol,
   SymbolFor,
+  TypeError,
 } = primordials;
 
 import * as webidl from "ext:deno_webidl/00_webidl.js";
@@ -166,8 +167,28 @@ function createCanvasContext(options) {
   return canvasContext;
 }
 
-function presentGPUCanvasContext(ctx) {
-  ctx[_present]();
+// External webgpu surfaces
+
+// TODO(@littledivy): This will extend `OffscreenCanvas` when we add it.
+class UnsafeWindowSurface {
+  #ctx;
+  #surfaceRid;
+
+  constructor(system, win, display) {
+    this.#surfaceRid = ops.op_webgpu_surface_create(system, win, display);
+  }
+
+  getContext(context) {
+    if (context !== "webgpu") {
+      throw new TypeError("Only 'webgpu' context is supported.");
+    }
+    this.#ctx = createCanvasContext({ surfaceRid: this.#surfaceRid });
+    return this.#ctx;
+  }
+
+  present() {
+    this.#ctx[_present]();
+  }
 }
 
-export { createCanvasContext, GPUCanvasContext, presentGPUCanvasContext };
+export { GPUCanvasContext, UnsafeWindowSurface };
diff --git a/ext/webgpu/Cargo.toml b/ext/webgpu/Cargo.toml
index b98ae20d8..bdc7bb306 100644
--- a/ext/webgpu/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ext/webgpu/Cargo.toml
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ deno_core.workspace = true
 serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
 tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
 wgpu-types = { workspace = true, features = ["trace", "replay", "serde"] }
-raw-window-handle = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+raw-window-handle = { workspace = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))'.dependencies.wgpu-core]
 workspace = true
diff --git a/ext/webgpu/byow.rs b/ext/webgpu/byow.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..984eaae1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/webgpu/byow.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
+
+use deno_core::error::type_error;
+use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::op2;
+use deno_core::OpState;
+use deno_core::ResourceId;
+use std::ffi::c_void;
+
+use crate::surface::WebGpuSurface;
+
+#[op2(fast)]
+#[smi]
+pub fn op_webgpu_surface_create(
+  state: &mut OpState,
+  #[string] system: &str,
+  p1: *const c_void,
+  p2: *const c_void,
+) -> Result<ResourceId, AnyError> {
+  let instance = state.borrow::<super::Instance>();
+  // Security note:
+  //
+  // The `p1` and `p2` parameters are pointers to platform-specific window
+  // handles.
+  //
+  // The code below works under the assumption that:
+  //
+  // - handles can only be created by the FFI interface which
+  // enforces --allow-ffi.
+  //
+  // - `*const c_void` deserizalizes null and v8::External.
+  //
+  // - Only FFI can export v8::External to user code.
+  if p1.is_null() {
+    return Err(type_error("Invalid parameters"));
+  }
+
+  let (win_handle, display_handle) = raw_window(system, p1, p2)?;
+  let surface =
+    instance.instance_create_surface(display_handle, win_handle, ());
+
+  let rid = state
+    .resource_table
+    .add(WebGpuSurface(instance.clone(), surface));
+  Ok(rid)
+}
+
+type RawHandles = (
+  raw_window_handle::RawWindowHandle,
+  raw_window_handle::RawDisplayHandle,
+);
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+fn raw_window(
+  system: &str,
+  ns_window: *const c_void,
+  ns_view: *const c_void,
+) -> Result<RawHandles, AnyError> {
+  if system != "cocoa" {
+    return Err(type_error("Invalid system on macOS"));
+  }
+
+  let win_handle = {
+    let mut handle = raw_window_handle::AppKitWindowHandle::empty();
+    handle.ns_window = ns_window as *mut c_void;
+    handle.ns_view = ns_view as *mut c_void;
+
+    raw_window_handle::RawWindowHandle::AppKit(handle)
+  };
+  let display_handle = raw_window_handle::RawDisplayHandle::AppKit(
+    raw_window_handle::AppKitDisplayHandle::empty(),
+  );
+  Ok((win_handle, display_handle))
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+fn raw_window(
+  system: &str,
+  window: *const c_void,
+  hinstance: *const c_void,
+) -> Result<RawHandles, AnyError> {
+  use raw_window_handle::WindowsDisplayHandle;
+  if system != "win32" {
+    return Err(type_error("Invalid system on Windows"));
+  }
+
+  let win_handle = {
+    use raw_window_handle::Win32WindowHandle;
+
+    let mut handle = Win32WindowHandle::empty();
+    handle.hwnd = window as *mut c_void;
+    handle.hinstance = hinstance as *mut c_void;
+
+    raw_window_handle::RawWindowHandle::Win32(handle)
+  };
+
+  let display_handle =
+    raw_window_handle::RawDisplayHandle::Windows(WindowsDisplayHandle::empty());
+  Ok((win_handle, display_handle))
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+fn raw_window(
+  system: &str,
+  window: *const c_void,
+  display: *const c_void,
+) -> Result<RawHandles, AnyError> {
+  if system != "x11" {
+    return Err(type_error("Invalid system on Linux"));
+  }
+
+  let win_handle = {
+    let mut handle = raw_window_handle::XlibWindowHandle::empty();
+    handle.window = window as *mut c_void as _;
+
+    raw_window_handle::RawWindowHandle::Xlib(handle)
+  };
+
+  let display_handle = {
+    let mut handle = raw_window_handle::XlibDisplayHandle::empty();
+    handle.display = display as *mut c_void;
+
+    raw_window_handle::RawDisplayHandle::Xlib(handle)
+  };
+
+  Ok((win_handle, display_handle))
+}
diff --git a/ext/webgpu/lib.rs b/ext/webgpu/lib.rs
index abb36fb8d..99c8fcf6b 100644
--- a/ext/webgpu/lib.rs
+++ b/ext/webgpu/lib.rs
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ mod macros {
 pub mod binding;
 pub mod buffer;
 pub mod bundle;
+pub mod byow;
 pub mod command_encoder;
 pub mod compute_pass;
 pub mod error;
@@ -214,7 +215,9 @@ deno_core::extension!(
     // surface
     surface::op_webgpu_surface_configure,
     surface::op_webgpu_surface_get_current_texture,
-    surface::op_webgpu_surface_present
+    surface::op_webgpu_surface_present,
+    // byow
+    byow::op_webgpu_surface_create,
   ],
   esm = ["00_init.js", "02_surface.js"],
   lazy_loaded_esm = ["01_webgpu.js"],
diff --git a/runtime/js/90_deno_ns.js b/runtime/js/90_deno_ns.js
index 97b4a9531..058985fbf 100644
--- a/runtime/js/90_deno_ns.js
+++ b/runtime/js/90_deno_ns.js
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import * as tty from "ext:runtime/40_tty.js";
 import * as httpRuntime from "ext:runtime/40_http.js";
 import * as kv from "ext:deno_kv/01_db.ts";
 import * as cron from "ext:deno_cron/01_cron.ts";
+import * as webgpuSurface from "ext:deno_webgpu/02_surface.js";
 
 const denoNs = {
   metrics: core.metrics,
@@ -222,7 +223,9 @@ denoNsUnstableById[unstableIds.net] = {
 
 // denoNsUnstableById[unstableIds.unsafeProto] = {}
 
-// denoNsUnstableById[unstableIds.webgpu] = {}
+denoNsUnstableById[unstableIds.webgpu] = {
+  UnsafeWindowSurface: webgpuSurface.UnsafeWindowSurface,
+};
 
 // denoNsUnstableById[unstableIds.workerOptions] = {}
 
@@ -242,6 +245,7 @@ const denoNsUnstable = {
   UnsafePointer: ffi.UnsafePointer,
   UnsafePointerView: ffi.UnsafePointerView,
   UnsafeFnPointer: ffi.UnsafeFnPointer,
+  UnsafeWindowSurface: webgpuSurface.UnsafeWindowSurface,
   flock: fs.flock,
   flockSync: fs.flockSync,
   funlock: fs.funlock,