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+ <a href="../../HTTP-APIs/Content/" title="Content" class="md-nav__link">
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+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary">
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+ <label class="md-nav__title" for="toc">Table of contents</label>
+ <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+
+ <li class="md-nav__item">
+ <a href="#create-your-content-types" title="Create Your Content Types" class="md-nav__link">
+ Create Your Content Types
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+
+</li>
+
+ <li class="md-nav__item">
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+ Designed For HTTP/2
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+ <a href="../../System-Deployment/Docker/" title="Docker" class="md-nav__link">
+ Docker
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+ <a href="../../System-Deployment/SysV-Style/" title="SysV Style" class="md-nav__link">
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+</nav>
+ </div>
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+ <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
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+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary">
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+ <label class="md-nav__title" for="toc">Table of contents</label>
+ <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+
+ <li class="md-nav__item">
+ <a href="#create-your-content-types" title="Create Your Content Types" class="md-nav__link">
+ Create Your Content Types
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+
+</li>
+
+ <li class="md-nav__item">
+ <a href="#designed-for-http2" title="Designed For HTTP/2" class="md-nav__link">
+ Designed For HTTP/2
+ </a>
+
+ <nav class="md-nav">
+ <ul class="md-nav__list">
+
+ <li class="md-nav__item">
+ <a href="#requestresponse-multiplexing" title="Request/Response Multiplexing" class="md-nav__link">
+ Request/Response Multiplexing
+ </a>
+
+</li>
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+ <li class="md-nav__item">
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+ Server Push
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+ Other Considerations
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+
+ <div class="md-content">
+ <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+
+
+
+ <h1>Overview</h1>
+
+ <p>References in Ponzu allow you to create relationships between your Content types.
+Ponzu uses an embedded database, rather than a more traditional relational database
+with SQL support. This may seem unnatural since there is no native concept of
+"foreign keys" or "joins" like you may be used to. Instead, Ponzu wires up your
+data using references, which are simply URL paths, like <code>/api/content?type=Post&amp;id=1</code></p>
+<p>A foreign key as a URL path?! Am I crazy? No! For the purpose Ponzu serves,
+this structure works quite well, especially given its creation was specifically
+tuned for HTTP/2 features such as "Request/Response Multiplexing" and "Server Push." </p>
+<p>There is a deeper dive into the HTTP/2 concepts <a href="../../References/Overview/#designed-for-http2">below</a>, but first we'll walk through
+a quick tutorial on Ponzu's references. </p>
+<p>To generate references from the CLI, please <a href="../../CLI/Generating-References">read through the documentation</a>.
+The example below assumes you understand the syntax. </p>
+<hr />
+<h3 id="create-your-content-types">Create Your Content Types<a class="headerlink" href="#create-your-content-types" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
+<p>Here we are creating two Content types, <code>Author</code> and <code>Book</code>. A <code>Book</code> will keep
+a reference to an <code>Author</code> in the sense that an author wrote the book.</p>
+<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span>$ ponzu gen c author name:string photo:string:file bio:string:textarea
+$ ponzu gen c book title:string author:@author,name pages:int year:int
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<p>The structs generated for each look like:</p>
+<p><code>content/author.go</code></p>
+<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">type</span> <span class="nx">Author</span> <span class="kd">struct</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+ <span class="nx">item</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Item</span>
+
+ <span class="nx">Name</span> <span class="kt">string</span> <span class="s">`json:&quot;name&quot;`</span>
+ <span class="nx">Photo</span> <span class="kt">string</span> <span class="s">`json:&quot;photo&quot;`</span>
+ <span class="nx">Bio</span> <span class="kt">string</span> <span class="s">`json:&quot;bio&quot;`</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<p><code>content/book.go</code></p>
+<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">type</span> <span class="nx">Book</span> <span class="kd">struct</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+ <span class="nx">item</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Item</span>
+
+ <span class="nx">Title</span> <span class="kt">string</span> <span class="s">`json:&quot;title&quot;`</span>
+ <span class="nx">Author</span> <span class="kt">string</span> <span class="s">`json:&quot;author&quot;`</span>
+ <span class="nx">Pages</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="s">`json:&quot;pages&quot;`</span>
+ <span class="nx">Year</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="s">`json:&quot;year&quot;`</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<p>Notice how the <code>Author</code> field within the <code>Book</code> struct is a <code>string</code> type, not
+an <code>Author</code> type. This is because the <code>Author</code> is stored as a <code>string</code> in our
+database, as a reference to the <code>Author</code>, instead of embedding the <code>Author</code> data
+inside the <code>Book</code>. </p>
+<p>Some example JSON data for the two structs looks like:</p>
+<p><kbd>GET</kbd> <code>/api/content?type=Author&amp;id=1</code> (<code>Author</code>)</p>
+<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="p">{</span>
+ <span class="nt">&quot;data&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+ <span class="p">{</span>
+ <span class="nt">&quot;uuid&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;024a5797-e064-4ee0-abe3-415cb6d3ed18&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="nt">&quot;id&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="nt">&quot;slug&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;item-id-024a5797-e064-4ee0-abe3-415cb6d3ed18&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="nt">&quot;timestamp&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1493926453826</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="nt">&quot;updated&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1493926453826</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="nt">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Shel Silverstein&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="nt">&quot;photo&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/api/uploads/2017/05/shel-silverstein.jpg&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="nt">&quot;bio&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Sheldon Allan Silverstein was an American poet...&quot;</span>
+ <span class="p">}</span>
+ <span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<p><kbd>GET</kbd> <code>/api/content?type=Book&amp;id=1</code> (<code>Book</code>)</p>
+<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="p">{</span>
+ <span class="nt">&quot;data&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+ <span class="p">{</span>
+ <span class="nt">&quot;uuid&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;024a5797-e064-4ee0-abe3-415cb6d3ed18&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="nt">&quot;id&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="nt">&quot;slug&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;item-id-024a5797-e064-4ee0-abe3-415cb6d3ed18&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="nt">&quot;timestamp&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1493926453826</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="nt">&quot;updated&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1493926453826</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="nt">&quot;title&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;The Giving Tree&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="nt">&quot;author&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/api/content?type=Author&amp;id=1&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="nt">&quot;pages&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">57</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="nt">&quot;year&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1964</span>
+ <span class="p">}</span>
+ <span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<p>As you can see, the <code>Author</code> is a reference as the <code>author</code> field in the JSON
+response for a <code>Book</code>. When you're building your client, you need to make a second
+request for the <code>Author</code>, to the URL path found in the <code>author</code> field of the <code>Book</code>
+response. </p>
+<p>For example, in pseudo-code: </p>
+<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Request 1: </span>
+<span class="nv">$book</span> <span class="o">=</span> GET /api/content?type<span class="o">=</span>Book<span class="p">&amp;</span><span class="nv">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">1</span>
+
+<span class="c1"># Request 2: </span>
+<span class="nv">$author</span> <span class="o">=</span> GET <span class="nv">$book</span>.author <span class="c1"># where author = /api/content?type=Author&amp;id=1</span>
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<p>Until recently, this would be considered bad practice and would be costly to do
+over HTTP. However, with the wide availability of HTTP/2 clients, including all
+modern web browsers, mobile devices, and HTTP/2 libraries in practically every
+programming language, this pattern is fast and scalable. </p>
+<hr />
+<h3 id="designed-for-http2">Designed For HTTP/2<a class="headerlink" href="#designed-for-http2" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
+<p>At this point, you've likely noticed that you're still making two independent
+HTTP requests to your Ponzu server. Further, if there are multiple references or more
+than one item, you'll be making many requests -- <em>how can that be efficient?</em> </p>
+<p>There are two main concepts at play: Request/Response Multiplexing and Server Push.</p>
+<h4 id="requestresponse-multiplexing">Request/Response Multiplexing<a class="headerlink" href="#requestresponse-multiplexing" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
+<p>With HTTP/2, a client and server (peers) transfer data over a single TCP connection,
+and can send data back and forth at the same time. No longer does a request need
+to wait to be sent until after an expected response is read. This means that HTTP
+requests can be sent much faster and at the <em>same time</em> on a single connection.
+Where previously, a client would open up several TCP connections, the re-use of a
+single connection reduces CPU overhead and makes the server more efficient.</p>
+<p>This feature is automatically provided to you when using HTTP/2 - the only
+requirement is that you connect via HTTPS and have active TLS certificates, which
+you can get for free by running Ponzu with the <code>--https</code> flag and configuring it
+with a properly set, active domain name of your own. </p>
+<h4 id="server-push">Server Push<a class="headerlink" href="#server-push" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
+<p>Another impactful feature of HTTP/2 is "Server Push": the ability to preemptively
+send a response from the server to a client without waiting for a request. This
+is where Ponzu's reference design really shows it's power. Let's revisit the
+example from above:</p>
+<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Request 1: </span>
+<span class="nv">$book</span> <span class="o">=</span> GET /api/content?type<span class="o">=</span>Book<span class="p">&amp;</span><span class="nv">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">1</span>
+
+<span class="c1"># Request 2: </span>
+<span class="nv">$author</span> <span class="o">=</span> GET <span class="nv">$book</span>.author <span class="c1"># where author = /api/content?type=Author&amp;id=1</span>
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<p>Instead of waiting for the server to respond with the data for <code>$book.author</code>,
+the response data is already in the client's cache before we even make the request!
+Now there is no round-trip made to the server and back, and the client reads the
+pushed response from cache in fractions of a millisecond. </p>
+<p>But, how does the server know which response to push and when? You'll need to
+specify which fields of the type you've requested should be pushed. This is done
+by implementing the <a href="../../Interfaces/Item#itempushable"><code>item.Pushable</code> interface</a>.
+See the example below which demonstrates a complete implementation on the <code>Book</code>
+struct, which has a reference to an <code>Author</code>.</p>
+<h5 id="example">Example<a class="headerlink" href="#example" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h5>
+<p><code>content/book.go</code></p>
+<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="kd">type</span> <span class="nx">Book</span> <span class="kd">struct</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+ <span class="nx">item</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Item</span>
+
+ <span class="nx">Title</span> <span class="kt">string</span> <span class="s">`json:&quot;title&quot;`</span>
+ <span class="nx">Author</span> <span class="kt">string</span> <span class="s">`json:&quot;author&quot;`</span>
+ <span class="nx">Pages</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="s">`json:&quot;pages&quot;`</span>
+ <span class="nx">Year</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="s">`json:&quot;year&quot;`</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+
+
+<span class="kd">func</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">b</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nx">Book</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nx">Push</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">[]</span><span class="kt">string</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+ <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">[]</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">{</span>
+ <span class="c1">// the json struct tag is used to tell the server which</span>
+ <span class="c1">// field(s) it should push - only URL paths originating</span>
+ <span class="c1">// from your server can be pushed!</span>
+ <span class="s">&quot;author&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+ <span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="o">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<p>Now, whenever a single <code>Book</code> is requested, the server will preemptively push the
+<code>Author</code> referenced by the book. The response for the <code>Author</code> will <em>already be
+on the client</em> and will remain there until a request for the referenced <code>Author</code>
+has been made.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="admonition-title">What else can I Push?</p>
+<p>Only fields that are URL paths originating from your server can be pushed.
+This means that you could also implement <code>item.Pushable</code> on the <code>Author</code>
+type, and return <code>[]string{"photo"}</code> to push the Author's image!</p>
+</div>
+<hr />
+<h3 id="other-considerations">Other Considerations<a class="headerlink" href="#other-considerations" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
+<p>HTTP/2 Server Push is a powerful feature, but it can be abused just like anything
+else. To try and help mitigate potential issues, Ponzu has put some "stop-gaps"
+in place. Server Push is only activated on <strong>single item</strong> API responses, so you
+shouldn't expect to see references or files pushed from the <code>/api/contents</code> endpoint.
+An exception to this is the <code>/api/search</code> endpoint, which only the <strong>first</strong>
+result is pushed (if applicable) no matter how many items are in the response. </p>
+<p>You should take advantage of HTTP/2 in Ponzu and get the most out of the system.
+With the automatic HTTPS feature, there is no reason not to and you gain the
+additional benefit of encrypting your traffic - which your users will appreciate!</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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