# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""Beautiful Soup bonus library: Unicode, Dammit
This class forces XML data into a standard format (usually to UTF-8 or
Unicode). It is heavily based on code from Mark Pilgrim's Universal
Feed Parser. It does not rewrite the XML or HTML to reflect a new
encoding; that's the tree builder's job.
"""
import codecs
from htmlentitydefs import codepoint2name
import re
import logging
import string
# Import a library to autodetect character encodings.
chardet_type = None
try:
# First try the fast C implementation.
# PyPI package: cchardet
import cchardet
def chardet_dammit(s):
return cchardet.detect(s)['encoding']
except ImportError:
try:
# Fall back to the pure Python implementation
# Debian package: python-chardet
# PyPI package: chardet
import chardet
def chardet_dammit(s):
return chardet.detect(s)['encoding']
#import chardet.constants
#chardet.constants._debug = 1
except ImportError:
# No chardet available.
def chardet_dammit(s):
return None
# Available from http://cjkpython.i18n.org/.
try:
import iconv_codec
except ImportError:
pass
xml_encoding_re = re.compile(
'^<\?.*encoding=[\'"](.*?)[\'"].*\?>'.encode(), re.I)
html_meta_re = re.compile(
'<\s*meta[^>]+charset\s*=\s*["\']?([^>]*?)[ /;\'">]'.encode(), re.I)
class EntitySubstitution(object):
"""Substitute XML or HTML entities for the corresponding characters."""
def _populate_class_variables():
lookup = {}
reverse_lookup = {}
characters_for_re = []
for codepoint, name in list(codepoint2name.items()):
character = unichr(codepoint)
if codepoint != 34:
# There's no point in turning the quotation mark into
# ", unless it happens within an attribute value, which
# is handled elsewhere.
characters_for_re.append(character)
lookup[character] = name
# But we do want to turn " into the quotation mark.
reverse_lookup[name] = character
re_definition = "[%s]" % "".join(characters_for_re)
return lookup, reverse_lookup, re.compile(re_definition)
(CHARACTER_TO_HTML_ENTITY, HTML_ENTITY_TO_CHARACTER,
CHARACTER_TO_HTML_ENTITY_RE) = _populate_class_variables()
CHARACTER_TO_XML_ENTITY = {
"'": "apos",
'"': "quot",
"&": "amp",
"<": "lt",
">": "gt",
}
BARE_AMPERSAND_OR_BRACKET = re.compile("([<>]|"
"&(?!#\d+;|#x[0-9a-fA-F]+;|\w+;)"
")")
AMPERSAND_OR_BRACKET = re.compile("([<>&])")
@classmethod
def _substitute_html_entity(cls, matchobj):
entity = cls.CHARACTER_TO_HTML_ENTITY.get(matchobj.group(0))
return "&%s;" % entity
@classmethod
def _substitute_xml_entity(cls, matchobj):
"""Used with a regular expression to substitute the
appropriate XML entity for an XML special character."""
entity = cls.CHARACTER_TO_XML_ENTITY[matchobj.group(0)]
return "&%s;" % entity
@classmethod
def quoted_attribute_value(self, value):
"""Make a value into a quoted XML attribute, possibly escaping it.
Most strings will be quoted using double quotes.
Bob's Bar -> "Bob's Bar"
If a string contains double quotes, it will be quoted using
single quotes.
Welcome to "my bar" -> 'Welcome to "my bar"'
If a string contains both single and double quotes, the
double quotes will be escaped, and the string will be quoted
using double quotes.
Welcome to "Bob's Bar" -> "Welcome to "Bob's bar"
"""
quote_with = '"'
if '"' in value:
if "'" in value:
# The string contains both single and double
# quotes. Turn the double quotes into
# entities. We quote the double quotes rather than
# the single quotes because the entity name is
# """ whether this is HTML or XML. If we
# quoted the single quotes, we'd have to decide
# between ' and &squot;.
replace_with = """
value = value.replace('"', replace_with)
else:
# There are double quotes but no single quotes.
# We can use single quotes to quote the attribute.
quote_with = "'"
return quote_with + value + quote_with
@classmethod
def substitute_xml(cls, value, make_quoted_attribute=False):
"""Substitute XML entities for special XML characters.
:param value: A string to be substituted. The less-than sign
will become <, the greater-than sign will become >,
and any ampersands will become &. If you want ampersands
that appear to be part of an entity definition to be left
alone, use substitute_xml_containing_entities() instead.
:param make_quoted_attribute: If True, then the string will be
quoted, as befits an attribute value.
"""
# Escape angle brackets and ampersands.
value = cls.AMPERSAND_OR_BRACKET.sub(
cls._substitute_xml_entity, value)
if make_quoted_attribute:
value = cls.quoted_attribute_value(value)
return value
@classmethod
def substitute_xml_containing_entities(
cls, value, make_quoted_attribute=False):
"""Substitute XML entities for special XML characters.
:param value: A string to be substituted. The less-than sign will
become <, the greater-than sign will become >, and any
ampersands that are not part of an entity defition will
become &.
:param make_quoted_attribute: If True, then the string will be
quoted, as befits an attribute value.
"""
# Escape angle brackets, and ampersands that aren't part of
# entities.
value = cls.BARE_AMPERSAND_OR_BRACKET.sub(
cls._substitute_xml_entity, value)
if make_quoted_attribute:
value = cls.quoted_attribute_value(value)
return value
@classmethod
def substitute_html(cls, s):
"""Replace certain Unicode characters with named HTML entities.
This differs from data.encode(encoding, 'xmlcharrefreplace')
in that the goal is to make the result more readable (to those
with ASCII displays) rather than to recover from
errors. There's absolutely nothing wrong with a UTF-8 string
containg a LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE, but replacing that
character with "é" will make it more readable to some
people.
"""
return cls.CHARACTER_TO_HTML_ENTITY_RE.sub(
cls._substitute_html_entity, s)
class EncodingDetector:
"""Suggests a number of possible encodings for a bytestring.
Order of precedence:
1. Encodings you specifically tell EncodingDetector to try first
(the override_encodings argument to the constructor).
2. An encoding implied by a short substring at the beginning of
the bytestring, such as a byte-order mark.
3. An encoding declared within the bytestring itself, either in an
XML declaration (if the bytestring is to be interpreted as an XML
document), or in a tag (if the bytestring is to be
interpreted as an HTML document.)
4. An encoding detected through textual analysis by chardet,
cchardet, or a similar external library.
5. UTF-8.
6. Windows-1252.
"""
def __init__(self, markup, override_encodings=None, is_html=False):
self.markup = markup
self.override_encodings = override_encodings or []
self.chardet_encoding = None
self.is_html = is_html
self.declared_encoding = None
self.sniffed_encoding = None
def _usable(self, encoding, tried):
if encoding is not None:
encoding = encoding.lower()
if encoding not in tried:
tried.add(encoding)
return True
return False
@property
def encodings(self):
"""Yield a number of encodings that might work for this markup."""
tried = set()
for e in self.override_encodings:
if self._usable(e, tried):
yield e
if self.sniffed_encoding is None:
(self.markup,
self.sniffed_encoding) = self.strip_byte_order_mark(self.markup)
if self._usable(self.sniffed_encoding, tried):
yield self.sniffed_encoding
if self.declared_encoding is None:
self.declared_encoding = self.find_declared_encoding(
self.markup, self.is_html)
if self.sniffed_encoding and self.declared_encoding in (
'iso-10646-ucs-2', 'ucs-2', 'csunicode',
'iso-10646-ucs-4', 'ucs-4', 'csucs4',
'utf-16', 'utf-32', 'utf_16', 'utf_32',
'utf16', 'u16'):
# We were able to sniff an encoding by looking at the
# first part of the document. The declared encoding is redundant
# with the sniffed encoding.
#
# TODO: Is it really? How do we know? What if the BOM
# says UTF-32 and the declaration says UTF-16? In real
# usage this doesn't matter because this method is
# only called if the sniffed encoding didn't work.
self.declared_encoding = self.sniffed_encoding
if self._usable(self.declared_encoding, tried):
yield self.declared_encoding
if self.chardet_encoding is None:
self.chardet_encoding = chardet_dammit(self.markup)
if self._usable(self.chardet_encoding, tried):
yield self.chardet_encoding
# As a last-ditch effort, try utf-8 and windows-1252.
for e in ('utf-8', 'windows-1252'):
if self._usable(e, tried):
yield e
@classmethod
def strip_byte_order_mark(cls, markup):
"Remove a byte-order mark from a document, and guess at its encoding."
if markup[:4] == b'\x4c\x6f\xa7\x94':
# EBCDIC
# There's no 'ebcdic' codec, so just convert the ebsdic to ASCII.
markup = self.ebcdic_to_ascii(markup)
elif markup[:4] == b'\x00\x3c\x00\x3f':
# UTF-16BE
sniffed_encoding = 'utf-16be'
elif (len(markup) >= 4) and (markup[:2] == b'\xfe\xff') \
and (markup[2:4] != b'\x00\x00'):
# UTF-16BE with BOM
sniffed_encoding = 'utf-16be'
markup = markup[2:]
elif markup[:4] == b'\x3c\x00\x3f\x00':
# UTF-16LE
sniffed_encoding = 'utf-16le'
elif (len(markup) >= 4) and (markup[:2] == b'\xff\xfe') and \
(markup[2:4] != b'\x00\x00'):
# UTF-16LE with BOM
sniffed_encoding = 'utf-16le'
markup = markup[2:]
elif markup[:4] == b'\x00\x00\x00\x3c':
# UTF-32BE
sniffed_encoding = 'utf-32be'
elif markup[:4] == b'\x3c\x00\x00\x00':
# UTF-32LE
sniffed_encoding = 'utf-32le'
elif markup[:4] == b'\x00\x00\xfe\xff':
# UTF-32BE with BOM
sniffed_encoding = 'utf-32be'
markup = markup[4:]
elif markup[:4] == b'\xff\xfe\x00\x00':
# UTF-32LE with BOM
sniffed_encoding = 'utf-32le'
markup = markup[4:]
elif markup[:3] == b'\xef\xbb\xbf':
# UTF-8 with BOM
sniffed_encoding = 'utf-8'
markup = markup[3:]
else:
# No idea.
sniffed_encoding = None
return markup, sniffed_encoding
@classmethod
def find_declared_encoding(cls, markup, is_html=False):
"""Given a document, tries to find its declared encoding.
An XML encoding is declared at the beginning of the document.
An HTML encoding is declared in a tag.
"""
declared_encoding = None
declared_encoding_match = xml_encoding_re.match(markup)
if not declared_encoding_match and is_html:
declared_encoding_match = html_meta_re.search(markup)
if declared_encoding_match is not None:
declared_encoding = declared_encoding_match.groups()[0].decode(
'ascii').lower()
return declared_encoding
EBCDIC_TO_ASCII_MAP = None
@classmethod
def ebcdic_to_ascii(cls, s):
if not cls.EBCDIC_TO_ASCII_MAP:
emap = (0,1,2,3,156,9,134,127,151,141,142,11,12,13,14,15,
16,17,18,19,157,133,8,135,24,25,146,143,28,29,30,31,
128,129,130,131,132,10,23,27,136,137,138,139,140,5,6,7,
144,145,22,147,148,149,150,4,152,153,154,155,20,21,158,26,
32,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,91,46,60,40,43,33,
38,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,93,36,42,41,59,94,
45,47,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,124,44,37,95,62,63,
186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,96,58,35,64,39,61,34,
195,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,196,197,198,199,200,
201,202,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,203,204,205,
206,207,208,209,126,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,210,
211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,
225,226,227,228,229,230,231,123,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,
73,232,233,234,235,236,237,125,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,
82,238,239,240,241,242,243,92,159,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,
90,244,245,246,247,248,249,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,
250,251,252,253,254,255)
cls.EBCDIC_TO_ASCII_MAP = string.maketrans(
''.join(map(chr, list(range(256)))), ''.join(map(chr, emap)))
return s.translate(cls.EBCDIC_TO_ASCII_MAP)
class UnicodeDammit:
"""A class for detecting the encoding of a *ML document and
converting it to a Unicode string. If the source encoding is
windows-1252, can replace MS smart quotes with their HTML or XML
equivalents."""
# This dictionary maps commonly seen values for "charset" in HTML
# meta tags to the corresponding Python codec names. It only covers
# values that aren't in Python's aliases and can't be determined
# by the heuristics in find_codec.
CHARSET_ALIASES = {"macintosh": "mac-roman",
"x-sjis": "shift-jis"}
ENCODINGS_WITH_SMART_QUOTES = [
"windows-1252",
"iso-8859-1",
"iso-8859-2",
]
def __init__(self, markup, override_encodings=[],
smart_quotes_to=None, is_html=False):
self.smart_quotes_to = smart_quotes_to
self.tried_encodings = []
self.contains_replacement_characters = False
self.detector = EncodingDetector(markup, override_encodings, is_html)
if markup == '' or isinstance(markup, unicode):
self.markup = markup
self.unicode_markup = unicode(markup)
self.original_encoding = None
return
self.markup, ignore = self.detector.strip_byte_order_mark(markup)
u = None
for encoding in self.detector.encodings:
u = self._convert_from(encoding)
if u is not None:
break
if not u:
# None of the encodings worked. As an absolute last resort,
# try them again with character replacement.
for encoding in self.detector.encodings:
if encoding != "ascii":
u = self._convert_from(encoding, "replace")
if u is not None:
logging.warning(
"Some characters could not be decoded, and were "
"replaced with REPLACEMENT CHARACTER.")
self.contains_replacement_characters = True
break
# If none of that worked, we could at this point force it to
# ASCII, but that would destroy so much data that I think
# giving up is better.
self.unicode_markup = u
if not u:
self.original_encoding = None
def _sub_ms_char(self, match):
"""Changes a MS smart quote character to an XML or HTML
entity, or an ASCII character."""
orig = match.group(1)
if self.smart_quotes_to == 'ascii':
sub = self.MS_CHARS_TO_ASCII.get(orig).encode()
else:
sub = self.MS_CHARS.get(orig)
if type(sub) == tuple:
if self.smart_quotes_to == 'xml':
sub = '&#x'.encode() + sub[1].encode() + ';'.encode()
else:
sub = '&'.encode() + sub[0].encode() + ';'.encode()
else:
sub = sub.encode()
return sub
def _convert_from(self, proposed, errors="strict"):
proposed = self.find_codec(proposed)
if not proposed or (proposed, errors) in self.tried_encodings:
return None
self.tried_encodings.append((proposed, errors))
markup = self.markup
# Convert smart quotes to HTML if coming from an encoding
# that might have them.
if (self.smart_quotes_to is not None
and proposed.lower() in self.ENCODINGS_WITH_SMART_QUOTES):
smart_quotes_re = b"([\x80-\x9f])"
smart_quotes_compiled = re.compile(smart_quotes_re)
markup = smart_quotes_compiled.sub(self._sub_ms_char, markup)
try:
#print "Trying to convert document to %s (errors=%s)" % (
# proposed, errors)
u = self._to_unicode(markup, proposed, errors)
self.markup = u
self.original_encoding = proposed
except Exception as e:
#print "That didn't work!"
#print e
return None
#print "Correct encoding: %s" % proposed
return self.markup
def _to_unicode(self, data, encoding, errors="strict"):
'''Given a string and its encoding, decodes the string into Unicode.
%encoding is a string recognized by encodings.aliases'''
# strip Byte Order Mark (if present)
if (len(data) >= 4) and (data[:2] == '\xfe\xff') \
and (data[2:4] != '\x00\x00'):
encoding = 'utf-16be'
data = data[2:]
elif (len(data) >= 4) and (data[:2] == '\xff\xfe') \
and (data[2:4] != '\x00\x00'):
encoding = 'utf-16le'
data = data[2:]
elif data[:3] == '\xef\xbb\xbf':
encoding = 'utf-8'
data = data[3:]
elif data[:4] == '\x00\x00\xfe\xff':
encoding = 'utf-32be'
data = data[4:]
elif data[:4] == '\xff\xfe\x00\x00':
encoding = 'utf-32le'
data = data[4:]
newdata = unicode(data, encoding, errors)
return newdata
@property
def declared_html_encoding(self):
if not self.is_html:
return None
return self.detector.declared_encoding
@property
def is_html(self):
return self.detector.is_html
def find_codec(self, charset):
return self._codec(self.CHARSET_ALIASES.get(charset, charset)) \
or (charset and self._codec(charset.replace("-", ""))) \
or (charset and self._codec(charset.replace("-", "_"))) \
or charset
def _codec(self, charset):
if not charset:
return charset
codec = None
try:
codecs.lookup(charset)
codec = charset
except (LookupError, ValueError):
pass
return codec
# A partial mapping of ISO-Latin-1 to HTML entities/XML numeric entities.
MS_CHARS = {b'\x80': ('euro', '20AC'),
b'\x81': ' ',
b'\x82': ('sbquo', '201A'),
b'\x83': ('fnof', '192'),
b'\x84': ('bdquo', '201E'),
b'\x85': ('hellip', '2026'),
b'\x86': ('dagger', '2020'),
b'\x87': ('Dagger', '2021'),
b'\x88': ('circ', '2C6'),
b'\x89': ('permil', '2030'),
b'\x8A': ('Scaron', '160'),
b'\x8B': ('lsaquo', '2039'),
b'\x8C': ('OElig', '152'),
b'\x8D': '?',
b'\x8E': ('#x17D', '17D'),
b'\x8F': '?',
b'\x90': '?',
b'\x91': ('lsquo', '2018'),
b'\x92': ('rsquo', '2019'),
b'\x93': ('ldquo', '201C'),
b'\x94': ('rdquo', '201D'),
b'\x95': ('bull', '2022'),
b'\x96': ('ndash', '2013'),
b'\x97': ('mdash', '2014'),
b'\x98': ('tilde', '2DC'),
b'\x99': ('trade', '2122'),
b'\x9a': ('scaron', '161'),
b'\x9b': ('rsaquo', '203A'),
b'\x9c': ('oelig', '153'),
b'\x9d': '?',
b'\x9e': ('#x17E', '17E'),
b'\x9f': ('Yuml', ''),}
# A parochial partial mapping of ISO-Latin-1 to ASCII. Contains
# horrors like stripping diacritical marks to turn á into a, but also
# contains non-horrors like turning “ into ".
MS_CHARS_TO_ASCII = {
b'\x80' : 'EUR',
b'\x81' : ' ',
b'\x82' : ',',
b'\x83' : 'f',
b'\x84' : ',,',
b'\x85' : '...',
b'\x86' : '+',
b'\x87' : '++',
b'\x88' : '^',
b'\x89' : '%',
b'\x8a' : 'S',
b'\x8b' : '<',
b'\x8c' : 'OE',
b'\x8d' : '?',
b'\x8e' : 'Z',
b'\x8f' : '?',
b'\x90' : '?',
b'\x91' : "'",
b'\x92' : "'",
b'\x93' : '"',
b'\x94' : '"',
b'\x95' : '*',
b'\x96' : '-',
b'\x97' : '--',
b'\x98' : '~',
b'\x99' : '(TM)',
b'\x9a' : 's',
b'\x9b' : '>',
b'\x9c' : 'oe',
b'\x9d' : '?',
b'\x9e' : 'z',
b'\x9f' : 'Y',
b'\xa0' : ' ',
b'\xa1' : '!',
b'\xa2' : 'c',
b'\xa3' : 'GBP',
b'\xa4' : '$', #This approximation is especially parochial--this is the
#generic currency symbol.
b'\xa5' : 'YEN',
b'\xa6' : '|',
b'\xa7' : 'S',
b'\xa8' : '..',
b'\xa9' : '',
b'\xaa' : '(th)',
b'\xab' : '<<',
b'\xac' : '!',
b'\xad' : ' ',
b'\xae' : '(R)',
b'\xaf' : '-',
b'\xb0' : 'o',
b'\xb1' : '+-',
b'\xb2' : '2',
b'\xb3' : '3',
b'\xb4' : ("'", 'acute'),
b'\xb5' : 'u',
b'\xb6' : 'P',
b'\xb7' : '*',
b'\xb8' : ',',
b'\xb9' : '1',
b'\xba' : '(th)',
b'\xbb' : '>>',
b'\xbc' : '1/4',
b'\xbd' : '1/2',
b'\xbe' : '3/4',
b'\xbf' : '?',
b'\xc0' : 'A',
b'\xc1' : 'A',
b'\xc2' : 'A',
b'\xc3' : 'A',
b'\xc4' : 'A',
b'\xc5' : 'A',
b'\xc6' : 'AE',
b'\xc7' : 'C',
b'\xc8' : 'E',
b'\xc9' : 'E',
b'\xca' : 'E',
b'\xcb' : 'E',
b'\xcc' : 'I',
b'\xcd' : 'I',
b'\xce' : 'I',
b'\xcf' : 'I',
b'\xd0' : 'D',
b'\xd1' : 'N',
b'\xd2' : 'O',
b'\xd3' : 'O',
b'\xd4' : 'O',
b'\xd5' : 'O',
b'\xd6' : 'O',
b'\xd7' : '*',
b'\xd8' : 'O',
b'\xd9' : 'U',
b'\xda' : 'U',
b'\xdb' : 'U',
b'\xdc' : 'U',
b'\xdd' : 'Y',
b'\xde' : 'b',
b'\xdf' : 'B',
b'\xe0' : 'a',
b'\xe1' : 'a',
b'\xe2' : 'a',
b'\xe3' : 'a',
b'\xe4' : 'a',
b'\xe5' : 'a',
b'\xe6' : 'ae',
b'\xe7' : 'c',
b'\xe8' : 'e',
b'\xe9' : 'e',
b'\xea' : 'e',
b'\xeb' : 'e',
b'\xec' : 'i',
b'\xed' : 'i',
b'\xee' : 'i',
b'\xef' : 'i',
b'\xf0' : 'o',
b'\xf1' : 'n',
b'\xf2' : 'o',
b'\xf3' : 'o',
b'\xf4' : 'o',
b'\xf5' : 'o',
b'\xf6' : 'o',
b'\xf7' : '/',
b'\xf8' : 'o',
b'\xf9' : 'u',
b'\xfa' : 'u',
b'\xfb' : 'u',
b'\xfc' : 'u',
b'\xfd' : 'y',
b'\xfe' : 'b',
b'\xff' : 'y',
}
# A map used when removing rogue Windows-1252/ISO-8859-1
# characters in otherwise UTF-8 documents.
#
# Note that \x81, \x8d, \x8f, \x90, and \x9d are undefined in
# Windows-1252.
WINDOWS_1252_TO_UTF8 = {
0x80 : b'\xe2\x82\xac', # €
0x82 : b'\xe2\x80\x9a', # ‚
0x83 : b'\xc6\x92', # ƒ
0x84 : b'\xe2\x80\x9e', # „
0x85 : b'\xe2\x80\xa6', # …
0x86 : b'\xe2\x80\xa0', # †
0x87 : b'\xe2\x80\xa1', # ‡
0x88 : b'\xcb\x86', # ˆ
0x89 : b'\xe2\x80\xb0', # ‰
0x8a : b'\xc5\xa0', # Š
0x8b : b'\xe2\x80\xb9', # ‹
0x8c : b'\xc5\x92', # Œ
0x8e : b'\xc5\xbd', # Ž
0x91 : b'\xe2\x80\x98', # ‘
0x92 : b'\xe2\x80\x99', # ’
0x93 : b'\xe2\x80\x9c', # “
0x94 : b'\xe2\x80\x9d', # ”
0x95 : b'\xe2\x80\xa2', # •
0x96 : b'\xe2\x80\x93', # –
0x97 : b'\xe2\x80\x94', # —
0x98 : b'\xcb\x9c', # ˜
0x99 : b'\xe2\x84\xa2', # ™
0x9a : b'\xc5\xa1', # š
0x9b : b'\xe2\x80\xba', # ›
0x9c : b'\xc5\x93', # œ
0x9e : b'\xc5\xbe', # ž
0x9f : b'\xc5\xb8', # Ÿ
0xa0 : b'\xc2\xa0', #
0xa1 : b'\xc2\xa1', # ¡
0xa2 : b'\xc2\xa2', # ¢
0xa3 : b'\xc2\xa3', # £
0xa4 : b'\xc2\xa4', # ¤
0xa5 : b'\xc2\xa5', # ¥
0xa6 : b'\xc2\xa6', # ¦
0xa7 : b'\xc2\xa7', # §
0xa8 : b'\xc2\xa8', # ¨
0xa9 : b'\xc2\xa9', # ©
0xaa : b'\xc2\xaa', # ª
0xab : b'\xc2\xab', # «
0xac : b'\xc2\xac', # ¬
0xad : b'\xc2\xad', #
0xae : b'\xc2\xae', # ®
0xaf : b'\xc2\xaf', # ¯
0xb0 : b'\xc2\xb0', # °
0xb1 : b'\xc2\xb1', # ±
0xb2 : b'\xc2\xb2', # ²
0xb3 : b'\xc2\xb3', # ³
0xb4 : b'\xc2\xb4', # ´
0xb5 : b'\xc2\xb5', # µ
0xb6 : b'\xc2\xb6', # ¶
0xb7 : b'\xc2\xb7', # ·
0xb8 : b'\xc2\xb8', # ¸
0xb9 : b'\xc2\xb9', # ¹
0xba : b'\xc2\xba', # º
0xbb : b'\xc2\xbb', # »
0xbc : b'\xc2\xbc', # ¼
0xbd : b'\xc2\xbd', # ½
0xbe : b'\xc2\xbe', # ¾
0xbf : b'\xc2\xbf', # ¿
0xc0 : b'\xc3\x80', # À
0xc1 : b'\xc3\x81', # Á
0xc2 : b'\xc3\x82', # Â
0xc3 : b'\xc3\x83', # Ã
0xc4 : b'\xc3\x84', # Ä
0xc5 : b'\xc3\x85', # Å
0xc6 : b'\xc3\x86', # Æ
0xc7 : b'\xc3\x87', # Ç
0xc8 : b'\xc3\x88', # È
0xc9 : b'\xc3\x89', # É
0xca : b'\xc3\x8a', # Ê
0xcb : b'\xc3\x8b', # Ë
0xcc : b'\xc3\x8c', # Ì
0xcd : b'\xc3\x8d', # Í
0xce : b'\xc3\x8e', # Î
0xcf : b'\xc3\x8f', # Ï
0xd0 : b'\xc3\x90', # Ð
0xd1 : b'\xc3\x91', # Ñ
0xd2 : b'\xc3\x92', # Ò
0xd3 : b'\xc3\x93', # Ó
0xd4 : b'\xc3\x94', # Ô
0xd5 : b'\xc3\x95', # Õ
0xd6 : b'\xc3\x96', # Ö
0xd7 : b'\xc3\x97', # ×
0xd8 : b'\xc3\x98', # Ø
0xd9 : b'\xc3\x99', # Ù
0xda : b'\xc3\x9a', # Ú
0xdb : b'\xc3\x9b', # Û
0xdc : b'\xc3\x9c', # Ü
0xdd : b'\xc3\x9d', # Ý
0xde : b'\xc3\x9e', # Þ
0xdf : b'\xc3\x9f', # ß
0xe0 : b'\xc3\xa0', # à
0xe1 : b'\xa1', # á
0xe2 : b'\xc3\xa2', # â
0xe3 : b'\xc3\xa3', # ã
0xe4 : b'\xc3\xa4', # ä
0xe5 : b'\xc3\xa5', # å
0xe6 : b'\xc3\xa6', # æ
0xe7 : b'\xc3\xa7', # ç
0xe8 : b'\xc3\xa8', # è
0xe9 : b'\xc3\xa9', # é
0xea : b'\xc3\xaa', # ê
0xeb : b'\xc3\xab', # ë
0xec : b'\xc3\xac', # ì
0xed : b'\xc3\xad', # í
0xee : b'\xc3\xae', # î
0xef : b'\xc3\xaf', # ï
0xf0 : b'\xc3\xb0', # ð
0xf1 : b'\xc3\xb1', # ñ
0xf2 : b'\xc3\xb2', # ò
0xf3 : b'\xc3\xb3', # ó
0xf4 : b'\xc3\xb4', # ô
0xf5 : b'\xc3\xb5', # õ
0xf6 : b'\xc3\xb6', # ö
0xf7 : b'\xc3\xb7', # ÷
0xf8 : b'\xc3\xb8', # ø
0xf9 : b'\xc3\xb9', # ù
0xfa : b'\xc3\xba', # ú
0xfb : b'\xc3\xbb', # û
0xfc : b'\xc3\xbc', # ü
0xfd : b'\xc3\xbd', # ý
0xfe : b'\xc3\xbe', # þ
}
MULTIBYTE_MARKERS_AND_SIZES = [
(0xc2, 0xdf, 2), # 2-byte characters start with a byte C2-DF
(0xe0, 0xef, 3), # 3-byte characters start with E0-EF
(0xf0, 0xf4, 4), # 4-byte characters start with F0-F4
]
FIRST_MULTIBYTE_MARKER = MULTIBYTE_MARKERS_AND_SIZES[0][0]
LAST_MULTIBYTE_MARKER = MULTIBYTE_MARKERS_AND_SIZES[-1][1]
@classmethod
def detwingle(cls, in_bytes, main_encoding="utf8",
embedded_encoding="windows-1252"):
"""Fix characters from one encoding embedded in some other encoding.
Currently the only situation supported is Windows-1252 (or its
subset ISO-8859-1), embedded in UTF-8.
The input must be a bytestring. If you've already converted
the document to Unicode, you're too late.
The output is a bytestring in which `embedded_encoding`
characters have been converted to their `main_encoding`
equivalents.
"""
if embedded_encoding.replace('_', '-').lower() not in (
'windows-1252', 'windows_1252'):
raise NotImplementedError(
"Windows-1252 and ISO-8859-1 are the only currently supported "
"embedded encodings.")
if main_encoding.lower() not in ('utf8', 'utf-8'):
raise NotImplementedError(
"UTF-8 is the only currently supported main encoding.")
byte_chunks = []
chunk_start = 0
pos = 0
while pos < len(in_bytes):
byte = in_bytes[pos]
if not isinstance(byte, int):
# Python 2.x
byte = ord(byte)
if (byte >= cls.FIRST_MULTIBYTE_MARKER
and byte <= cls.LAST_MULTIBYTE_MARKER):
# This is the start of a UTF-8 multibyte character. Skip
# to the end.
for start, end, size in cls.MULTIBYTE_MARKERS_AND_SIZES:
if byte >= start and byte <= end:
pos += size
break
elif byte >= 0x80 and byte in cls.WINDOWS_1252_TO_UTF8:
# We found a Windows-1252 character!
# Save the string up to this point as a chunk.
byte_chunks.append(in_bytes[chunk_start:pos])
# Now translate the Windows-1252 character into UTF-8
# and add it as another, one-byte chunk.
byte_chunks.append(cls.WINDOWS_1252_TO_UTF8[byte])
pos += 1
chunk_start = pos
else:
# Go on to the next character.
pos += 1
if chunk_start == 0:
# The string is unchanged.
return in_bytes
else:
# Store the final chunk.
byte_chunks.append(in_bytes[chunk_start:])
return b''.join(byte_chunks)