Broke up some monolithic unit test files.

1 files changed, 751 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/bs4/tests/test_pageelement.py b/bs4/tests/test_pageelement.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..26783f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bs4/tests/test_pageelement.py
@@ -0,0 +1,751 @@
+"""Tests of the bs4.element.PageElement class"""
+import copy
+import pickle
+import pytest
+
+from soupsieve import SelectorSyntaxError
+
+from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
+from bs4.element import (
+    Comment,
+    SoupStrainer,
+)
+from . import SoupTest
+
+
+class TestEncoding(SoupTest):
+    """Test the ability to encode objects into strings."""
+
+    def test_unicode_string_can_be_encoded(self):
+        html = "<b>\N{SNOWMAN}</b>"
+        soup = self.soup(html)
+        assert soup.b.string.encode("utf-8") == "\N{SNOWMAN}".encode("utf-8")
+
+    def test_tag_containing_unicode_string_can_be_encoded(self):
+        html = "<b>\N{SNOWMAN}</b>"
+        soup = self.soup(html)
+        assert soup.b.encode("utf-8") == html.encode("utf-8")
+
+    def test_encoding_substitutes_unrecognized_characters_by_default(self):
+        html = "<b>\N{SNOWMAN}</b>"
+        soup = self.soup(html)
+        assert soup.b.encode("ascii") == b"<b>&#9731;</b>"
+
+    def test_encoding_can_be_made_strict(self):
+        html = "<b>\N{SNOWMAN}</b>"
+        soup = self.soup(html)
+        with pytest.raises(UnicodeEncodeError):
+            soup.encode("ascii", errors="strict")
+
+    def test_decode_contents(self):
+        html = "<b>\N{SNOWMAN}</b>"
+        soup = self.soup(html)
+        assert "\N{SNOWMAN}" == soup.b.decode_contents()
+
+    def test_encode_contents(self):
+        html = "<b>\N{SNOWMAN}</b>"
+        soup = self.soup(html)
+        assert "\N{SNOWMAN}".encode("utf8") == soup.b.encode_contents(
+            encoding="utf8"
+        )
+
+    def test_deprecated_renderContents(self):
+        html = "<b>\N{SNOWMAN}</b>"
+        soup = self.soup(html)
+        assert "\N{SNOWMAN}".encode("utf8") == soup.b.renderContents()
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        html = "<b>\N{SNOWMAN}</b>"
+        soup = self.soup(html)
+        assert html == repr(soup)
+
+        
+class TestFormatters(SoupTest):
+    """Test the formatting feature, used by methods like decode() and
+    prettify(), and the formatters themselves.
+    """
+    
+    def test_default_formatter_is_minimal(self):
+        markup = "<b>&lt;&lt;Sacr\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE} bleu!&gt;&gt;</b>"
+        soup = self.soup(markup)
+        decoded = soup.decode(formatter="minimal")
+        # The < is converted back into &lt; but the e-with-acute is left alone.
+        assert decoded == self.document_for(
+                "<b>&lt;&lt;Sacr\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE} bleu!&gt;&gt;</b>"
+        )
+
+    def test_formatter_html(self):
+        markup = "<br><b>&lt;&lt;Sacr\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE} bleu!&gt;&gt;</b>"
+        soup = self.soup(markup)
+        decoded = soup.decode(formatter="html")
+        assert decoded == self.document_for(
+            "<br/><b>&lt;&lt;Sacr&eacute; bleu!&gt;&gt;</b>"
+        )
+
+    def test_formatter_html5(self):
+        markup = "<br><b>&lt;&lt;Sacr\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE} bleu!&gt;&gt;</b>"
+        soup = self.soup(markup)
+        decoded = soup.decode(formatter="html5")
+        assert decoded == self.document_for(
+            "<br><b>&lt;&lt;Sacr&eacute; bleu!&gt;&gt;</b>"
+        )
+        
+    def test_formatter_minimal(self):
+        markup = "<b>&lt;&lt;Sacr\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE} bleu!&gt;&gt;</b>"
+        soup = self.soup(markup)
+        decoded = soup.decode(formatter="minimal")
+        # The < is converted back into &lt; but the e-with-acute is left alone.
+        assert decoded == self.document_for(
+                "<b>&lt;&lt;Sacr\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE} bleu!&gt;&gt;</b>"
+        )
+
+    def test_formatter_null(self):
+        markup = "<b>&lt;&lt;Sacr\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE} bleu!&gt;&gt;</b>"
+        soup = self.soup(markup)
+        decoded = soup.decode(formatter=None)
+        # Neither the angle brackets nor the e-with-acute are converted.
+        # This is not valid HTML, but it's what the user wanted.
+        assert decoded == self.document_for(
+            "<b><<Sacr\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE} bleu!>></b>"
+        )
+
+    def test_formatter_custom(self):
+        markup = "<b>&lt;foo&gt;</b><b>bar</b><br/>"
+        soup = self.soup(markup)
+        decoded = soup.decode(formatter = lambda x: x.upper())
+        # Instead of normal entity conversion code, the custom
+        # callable is called on every string.
+        assert decoded == self.document_for("<b><FOO></b><b>BAR</b><br/>")
+
+    def test_formatter_is_run_on_attribute_values(self):
+        markup = '<a href="http://a.com?a=b&c=é">e</a>'
+        soup = self.soup(markup)
+        a = soup.a
+
+        expect_minimal = '<a href="http://a.com?a=b&amp;c=é">e</a>'
+
+        assert expect_minimal == a.decode()
+        assert expect_minimal == a.decode(formatter="minimal")
+
+        expect_html = '<a href="http://a.com?a=b&amp;c=&eacute;">e</a>'
+        assert expect_html == a.decode(formatter="html")
+
+        assert markup == a.decode(formatter=None)
+        expect_upper = '<a href="HTTP://A.COM?A=B&C=É">E</a>'
+        assert expect_upper == a.decode(formatter=lambda x: x.upper())
+
+    def test_formatter_skips_script_tag_for_html_documents(self):
+        doc = """
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+   console.log("< < hey > > ");
+  </script>
+"""
+        encoded = BeautifulSoup(doc, 'html.parser').encode()
+        assert b"< < hey > >" in encoded
+
+    def test_formatter_skips_style_tag_for_html_documents(self):
+        doc = """
+  <style type="text/css">
+   console.log("< < hey > > ");
+  </style>
+"""
+        encoded = BeautifulSoup(doc, 'html.parser').encode()
+        assert b"< < hey > >" in encoded
+
+    def test_prettify_leaves_preformatted_text_alone(self):
+        soup = self.soup("<div>  foo  <pre>  \tbar\n  \n  </pre>  baz  <textarea> eee\nfff\t</textarea></div>")
+        # Everything outside the <pre> tag is reformatted, but everything
+        # inside is left alone.
+        assert '<div>\n foo\n <pre>  \tbar\n  \n  </pre>\n baz\n <textarea> eee\nfff\t</textarea>\n</div>' == soup.div.prettify()
+
+    def test_prettify_accepts_formatter_function(self):
+        soup = BeautifulSoup("<html><body>foo</body></html>", 'html.parser')
+        pretty = soup.prettify(formatter = lambda x: x.upper())
+        assert "FOO" in pretty
+
+    def test_prettify_outputs_unicode_by_default(self):
+        soup = self.soup("<a></a>")
+        assert str == type(soup.prettify())
+
+    def test_prettify_can_encode_data(self):
+        soup = self.soup("<a></a>")
+        assert bytes == type(soup.prettify("utf-8"))
+
+    def test_html_entity_substitution_off_by_default(self):
+        markup = "<b>Sacr\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE} bleu!</b>"
+        soup = self.soup(markup)
+        encoded = soup.b.encode("utf-8")
+        assert encoded == markup.encode('utf-8')
+
+    def test_encoding_substitution(self):
+        # Here's the <meta> tag saying that a document is
+        # encoded in Shift-JIS.
+        meta_tag = ('<meta content="text/html; charset=x-sjis" '
+                    'http-equiv="Content-type"/>')
+        soup = self.soup(meta_tag)
+
+        # Parse the document, and the charset apprears unchanged.
+        assert soup.meta['content'] == 'text/html; charset=x-sjis'
+
+        # Encode the document into some encoding, and the encoding is
+        # substituted into the meta tag.
+        utf_8 = soup.encode("utf-8")
+        assert b"charset=utf-8" in utf_8
+
+        euc_jp = soup.encode("euc_jp")
+        assert b"charset=euc_jp" in euc_jp
+
+        shift_jis = soup.encode("shift-jis")
+        assert b"charset=shift-jis" in shift_jis
+
+        utf_16_u = soup.encode("utf-16").decode("utf-16")
+        assert "charset=utf-16" in utf_16_u
+
+    def test_encoding_substitution_doesnt_happen_if_tag_is_strained(self):
+        markup = ('<head><meta content="text/html; charset=x-sjis" '
+                    'http-equiv="Content-type"/></head><pre>foo</pre>')
+
+        # Beautiful Soup used to try to rewrite the meta tag even if the
+        # meta tag got filtered out by the strainer. This test makes
+        # sure that doesn't happen.
+        strainer = SoupStrainer('pre')
+        soup = self.soup(markup, parse_only=strainer)
+        assert soup.contents[0].name == 'pre'
+
+
+class TestCSSSelectors(SoupTest):
+    """Test basic CSS selector functionality.
+
+    This functionality is implemented in soupsieve, which has a much
+    more comprehensive test suite, so this is basically an extra check
+    that soupsieve works as expected.
+    """
+
+    HTML = """
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
+"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>The title</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="blah.css" type="text/css" id="l1">
+</head>
+<body>
+<custom-dashed-tag class="dashed" id="dash1">Hello there.</custom-dashed-tag>
+<div id="main" class="fancy">
+<div id="inner">
+<h1 id="header1">An H1</h1>
+<p>Some text</p>
+<p class="onep" id="p1">Some more text</p>
+<h2 id="header2">An H2</h2>
+<p class="class1 class2 class3" id="pmulti">Another</p>
+<a href="http://bob.example.org/" rel="friend met" id="bob">Bob</a>
+<h2 id="header3">Another H2</h2>
+<a id="me" href="http://simonwillison.net/" rel="me">me</a>
+<span class="s1">
+<a href="#" id="s1a1">span1a1</a>
+<a href="#" id="s1a2">span1a2 <span id="s1a2s1">test</span></a>
+<span class="span2">
+<a href="#" id="s2a1">span2a1</a>
+</span>
+<span class="span3"></span>
+<custom-dashed-tag class="dashed" id="dash2"/>
+<div data-tag="dashedvalue" id="data1"/>
+</span>
+</div>
+<x id="xid">
+<z id="zida"/>
+<z id="zidab"/>
+<z id="zidac"/>
+</x>
+<y id="yid">
+<z id="zidb"/>
+</y>
+<p lang="en" id="lang-en">English</p>
+<p lang="en-gb" id="lang-en-gb">English UK</p>
+<p lang="en-us" id="lang-en-us">English US</p>
+<p lang="fr" id="lang-fr">French</p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="footer">
+</div>
+"""
+
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.soup = BeautifulSoup(self.HTML, 'html.parser')
+
+    def assert_selects(self, selector, expected_ids, **kwargs):
+        el_ids = [el['id'] for el in self.soup.select(selector, **kwargs)]
+        el_ids.sort()
+        expected_ids.sort()
+        assert expected_ids == el_ids, "Selector %s, expected [%s], got [%s]" % (
+                selector, ', '.join(expected_ids), ', '.join(el_ids)
+        )
+
+    assertSelect = assert_selects
+
+    def assert_select_multiple(self, *tests):
+        for selector, expected_ids in tests:
+            self.assert_selects(selector, expected_ids)
+
+    def test_one_tag_one(self):
+        els = self.soup.select('title')
+        assert len(els) == 1
+        assert els[0].name == 'title'
+        assert els[0].contents == ['The title']
+
+    def test_one_tag_many(self):
+        els = self.soup.select('div')
+        assert len(els) == 4
+        for div in els:
+            assert div.name == 'div'
+
+        el = self.soup.select_one('div')
+        assert 'main' == el['id']
+
+    def test_select_one_returns_none_if_no_match(self):
+        match = self.soup.select_one('nonexistenttag')
+        assert None == match
+
+
+    def test_tag_in_tag_one(self):
+        els = self.soup.select('div div')
+        self.assert_selects('div div', ['inner', 'data1'])
+
+    def test_tag_in_tag_many(self):
+        for selector in ('html div', 'html body div', 'body div'):
+            self.assert_selects(selector, ['data1', 'main', 'inner', 'footer'])
+
+
+    def test_limit(self):
+        self.assert_selects('html div', ['main'], limit=1)
+        self.assert_selects('html body div', ['inner', 'main'], limit=2)
+        self.assert_selects('body div', ['data1', 'main', 'inner', 'footer'],
+                           limit=10)
+
+    def test_tag_no_match(self):
+        assert len(self.soup.select('del')) == 0
+
+    def test_invalid_tag(self):
+        with pytest.raises(SelectorSyntaxError):
+            self.soup.select('tag%t')
+
+    def test_select_dashed_tag_ids(self):
+        self.assert_selects('custom-dashed-tag', ['dash1', 'dash2'])
+
+    def test_select_dashed_by_id(self):
+        dashed = self.soup.select('custom-dashed-tag[id=\"dash2\"]')
+        assert dashed[0].name == 'custom-dashed-tag'
+        assert dashed[0]['id'] == 'dash2'
+
+    def test_dashed_tag_text(self):
+        assert self.soup.select('body > custom-dashed-tag')[0].text == 'Hello there.'
+
+    def test_select_dashed_matches_find_all(self):
+        assert self.soup.select('custom-dashed-tag') == self.soup.find_all('custom-dashed-tag')
+
+    def test_header_tags(self):
+        self.assert_select_multiple(
+            ('h1', ['header1']),
+            ('h2', ['header2', 'header3']),
+        )
+
+    def test_class_one(self):
+        for selector in ('.onep', 'p.onep', 'html p.onep'):
+            els = self.soup.select(selector)
+            assert len(els) == 1
+            assert els[0].name == 'p'
+            assert els[0]['class'] == ['onep']
+
+    def test_class_mismatched_tag(self):
+        els = self.soup.select('div.onep')
+        assert len(els) == 0
+
+    def test_one_id(self):
+        for selector in ('div#inner', '#inner', 'div div#inner'):
+            self.assert_selects(selector, ['inner'])
+
+    def test_bad_id(self):
+        els = self.soup.select('#doesnotexist')
+        assert len(els) == 0
+
+    def test_items_in_id(self):
+        els = self.soup.select('div#inner p')
+        assert len(els) == 3
+        for el in els:
+            assert el.name == 'p'
+        assert els[1]['class'] == ['onep']
+        assert not els[0].has_attr('class')
+
+    def test_a_bunch_of_emptys(self):
+        for selector in ('div#main del', 'div#main div.oops', 'div div#main'):
+            assert len(self.soup.select(selector)) == 0
+
+    def test_multi_class_support(self):
+        for selector in ('.class1', 'p.class1', '.class2', 'p.class2',
+            '.class3', 'p.class3', 'html p.class2', 'div#inner .class2'):
+            self.assert_selects(selector, ['pmulti'])
+
+    def test_multi_class_selection(self):
+        for selector in ('.class1.class3', '.class3.class2',
+                         '.class1.class2.class3'):
+            self.assert_selects(selector, ['pmulti'])
+
+    def test_child_selector(self):
+        self.assert_selects('.s1 > a', ['s1a1', 's1a2'])
+        self.assert_selects('.s1 > a span', ['s1a2s1'])
+
+    def test_child_selector_id(self):
+        self.assert_selects('.s1 > a#s1a2 span', ['s1a2s1'])
+
+    def test_attribute_equals(self):
+        self.assert_select_multiple(
+            ('p[class="onep"]', ['p1']),
+            ('p[id="p1"]', ['p1']),
+            ('[class="onep"]', ['p1']),
+            ('[id="p1"]', ['p1']),
+            ('link[rel="stylesheet"]', ['l1']),
+            ('link[type="text/css"]', ['l1']),
+            ('link[href="blah.css"]', ['l1']),
+            ('link[href="no-blah.css"]', []),
+            ('[rel="stylesheet"]', ['l1']),
+            ('[type="text/css"]', ['l1']),
+            ('[href="blah.css"]', ['l1']),
+            ('[href="no-blah.css"]', []),
+            ('p[href="no-blah.css"]', []),
+            ('[href="no-blah.css"]', []),
+        )
+
+    def test_attribute_tilde(self):
+        self.assert_select_multiple(
+            ('p[class~="class1"]', ['pmulti']),
+            ('p[class~="class2"]', ['pmulti']),
+            ('p[class~="class3"]', ['pmulti']),
+            ('[class~="class1"]', ['pmulti']),
+            ('[class~="class2"]', ['pmulti']),
+            ('[class~="class3"]', ['pmulti']),
+            ('a[rel~="friend"]', ['bob']),
+            ('a[rel~="met"]', ['bob']),
+            ('[rel~="friend"]', ['bob']),
+            ('[rel~="met"]', ['bob']),
+        )
+
+    def test_attribute_startswith(self):
+        self.assert_select_multiple(
+            ('[rel^="style"]', ['l1']),
+            ('link[rel^="style"]', ['l1']),
+            ('notlink[rel^="notstyle"]', []),
+            ('[rel^="notstyle"]', []),
+            ('link[rel^="notstyle"]', []),
+            ('link[href^="bla"]', ['l1']),
+            ('a[href^="http://"]', ['bob', 'me']),
+            ('[href^="http://"]', ['bob', 'me']),
+            ('[id^="p"]', ['pmulti', 'p1']),
+            ('[id^="m"]', ['me', 'main']),
+            ('div[id^="m"]', ['main']),
+            ('a[id^="m"]', ['me']),
+            ('div[data-tag^="dashed"]', ['data1'])
+        )
+
+    def test_attribute_endswith(self):
+        self.assert_select_multiple(
+            ('[href$=".css"]', ['l1']),
+            ('link[href$=".css"]', ['l1']),
+            ('link[id$="1"]', ['l1']),
+            ('[id$="1"]', ['data1', 'l1', 'p1', 'header1', 's1a1', 's2a1', 's1a2s1', 'dash1']),
+            ('div[id$="1"]', ['data1']),
+            ('[id$="noending"]', []),
+        )
+
+    def test_attribute_contains(self):
+        self.assert_select_multiple(
+            # From test_attribute_startswith
+            ('[rel*="style"]', ['l1']),
+            ('link[rel*="style"]', ['l1']),
+            ('notlink[rel*="notstyle"]', []),
+            ('[rel*="notstyle"]', []),
+            ('link[rel*="notstyle"]', []),
+            ('link[href*="bla"]', ['l1']),
+            ('[href*="http://"]', ['bob', 'me']),
+            ('[id*="p"]', ['pmulti', 'p1']),
+            ('div[id*="m"]', ['main']),
+            ('a[id*="m"]', ['me']),
+            # From test_attribute_endswith
+            ('[href*=".css"]', ['l1']),
+            ('link[href*=".css"]', ['l1']),
+            ('link[id*="1"]', ['l1']),
+            ('[id*="1"]', ['data1', 'l1', 'p1', 'header1', 's1a1', 's1a2', 's2a1', 's1a2s1', 'dash1']),
+            ('div[id*="1"]', ['data1']),
+            ('[id*="noending"]', []),
+            # New for this test
+            ('[href*="."]', ['bob', 'me', 'l1']),
+            ('a[href*="."]', ['bob', 'me']),
+            ('link[href*="."]', ['l1']),
+            ('div[id*="n"]', ['main', 'inner']),
+            ('div[id*="nn"]', ['inner']),
+            ('div[data-tag*="edval"]', ['data1'])
+        )
+
+    def test_attribute_exact_or_hypen(self):
+        self.assert_select_multiple(
+            ('p[lang|="en"]', ['lang-en', 'lang-en-gb', 'lang-en-us']),
+            ('[lang|="en"]', ['lang-en', 'lang-en-gb', 'lang-en-us']),
+            ('p[lang|="fr"]', ['lang-fr']),
+            ('p[lang|="gb"]', []),
+        )
+
+    def test_attribute_exists(self):
+        self.assert_select_multiple(
+            ('[rel]', ['l1', 'bob', 'me']),
+            ('link[rel]', ['l1']),
+            ('a[rel]', ['bob', 'me']),
+            ('[lang]', ['lang-en', 'lang-en-gb', 'lang-en-us', 'lang-fr']),
+            ('p[class]', ['p1', 'pmulti']),
+            ('[blah]', []),
+            ('p[blah]', []),
+            ('div[data-tag]', ['data1'])
+        )
+
+    def test_quoted_space_in_selector_name(self):
+        html = """<div style="display: wrong">nope</div>
+        <div style="display: right">yes</div>
+        """
+        soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'html.parser')
+        [chosen] = soup.select('div[style="display: right"]')
+        assert "yes" == chosen.string
+
+    def test_unsupported_pseudoclass(self):
+        with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
+            self.soup.select("a:no-such-pseudoclass")
+
+        with pytest.raises(SelectorSyntaxError):
+            self.soup.select("a:nth-of-type(a)")
+
+    def test_nth_of_type(self):
+        # Try to select first paragraph
+        els = self.soup.select('div#inner p:nth-of-type(1)')
+        assert len(els) == 1
+        assert els[0].string == 'Some text'
+
+        # Try to select third paragraph
+        els = self.soup.select('div#inner p:nth-of-type(3)')
+        assert len(els) == 1
+        assert els[0].string == 'Another'
+
+        # Try to select (non-existent!) fourth paragraph
+        els = self.soup.select('div#inner p:nth-of-type(4)')
+        assert len(els) == 0
+
+        # Zero will select no tags.
+        els = self.soup.select('div p:nth-of-type(0)')
+        assert len(els) == 0
+
+    def test_nth_of_type_direct_descendant(self):
+        els = self.soup.select('div#inner > p:nth-of-type(1)')
+        assert len(els) == 1
+        assert els[0].string == 'Some text'
+
+    def test_id_child_selector_nth_of_type(self):
+        self.assert_selects('#inner > p:nth-of-type(2)', ['p1'])
+
+    def test_select_on_element(self):
+        # Other tests operate on the tree; this operates on an element
+        # within the tree.
+        inner = self.soup.find("div", id="main")
+        selected = inner.select("div")
+        # The <div id="inner"> tag was selected. The <div id="footer">
+        # tag was not.
+        self.assert_selects_ids(selected, ['inner', 'data1'])
+
+    def test_overspecified_child_id(self):
+        self.assert_selects(".fancy #inner", ['inner'])
+        self.assert_selects(".normal #inner", [])
+
+    def test_adjacent_sibling_selector(self):
+        self.assert_selects('#p1 + h2', ['header2'])
+        self.assert_selects('#p1 + h2 + p', ['pmulti'])
+        self.assert_selects('#p1 + #header2 + .class1', ['pmulti'])
+        assert [] == self.soup.select('#p1 + p')
+
+    def test_general_sibling_selector(self):
+        self.assert_selects('#p1 ~ h2', ['header2', 'header3'])
+        self.assert_selects('#p1 ~ #header2', ['header2'])
+        self.assert_selects('#p1 ~ h2 + a', ['me'])
+        self.assert_selects('#p1 ~ h2 + [rel="me"]', ['me'])
+        assert [] == self.soup.select('#inner ~ h2')
+
+    def test_dangling_combinator(self):
+        with pytest.raises(SelectorSyntaxError):
+            self.soup.select('h1 >')
+
+    def test_sibling_combinator_wont_select_same_tag_twice(self):
+        self.assert_selects('p[lang] ~ p', ['lang-en-gb', 'lang-en-us', 'lang-fr'])
+
+    # Test the selector grouping operator (the comma)
+    def test_multiple_select(self):
+        self.assert_selects('x, y', ['xid', 'yid'])
+
+    def test_multiple_select_with_no_space(self):
+        self.assert_selects('x,y', ['xid', 'yid'])
+
+    def test_multiple_select_with_more_space(self):
+        self.assert_selects('x,    y', ['xid', 'yid'])
+
+    def test_multiple_select_duplicated(self):
+        self.assert_selects('x, x', ['xid'])
+
+    def test_multiple_select_sibling(self):
+        self.assert_selects('x, y ~ p[lang=fr]', ['xid', 'lang-fr'])
+
+    def test_multiple_select_tag_and_direct_descendant(self):
+        self.assert_selects('x, y > z', ['xid', 'zidb'])
+
+    def test_multiple_select_direct_descendant_and_tags(self):
+        self.assert_selects('div > x, y, z', ['xid', 'yid', 'zida', 'zidb', 'zidab', 'zidac'])
+
+    def test_multiple_select_indirect_descendant(self):
+        self.assert_selects('div x,y,  z', ['xid', 'yid', 'zida', 'zidb', 'zidab', 'zidac'])
+
+    def test_invalid_multiple_select(self):
+        with pytest.raises(SelectorSyntaxError):
+            self.soup.select(',x, y')
+        with pytest.raises(SelectorSyntaxError):
+            self.soup.select('x,,y')
+
+    def test_multiple_select_attrs(self):
+        self.assert_selects('p[lang=en], p[lang=en-gb]', ['lang-en', 'lang-en-gb'])
+
+    def test_multiple_select_ids(self):
+        self.assert_selects('x, y > z[id=zida], z[id=zidab], z[id=zidb]', ['xid', 'zidb', 'zidab'])
+
+    def test_multiple_select_nested(self):
+        self.assert_selects('body > div > x, y > z', ['xid', 'zidb'])
+
+    def test_select_duplicate_elements(self):
+        # When markup contains duplicate elements, a multiple select
+        # will find all of them.
+        markup = '<div class="c1"/><div class="c2"/><div class="c1"/>'
+        soup = BeautifulSoup(markup, 'html.parser')
+        selected = soup.select(".c1, .c2")
+        assert 3 == len(selected)
+
+        # Verify that find_all finds the same elements, though because
+        # of an implementation detail it finds them in a different
+        # order.
+        for element in soup.find_all(class_=['c1', 'c2']):
+            assert element in selected
+
+
+class TestPersistence(SoupTest):
+    "Testing features like pickle and deepcopy."
+
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.page = """<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"
+"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/transitional.dtd">
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+<title>Beautiful Soup: We called him Tortoise because he taught us.</title>
+<link rev="made" href="mailto:leonardr@segfault.org">
+<meta name="Description" content="Beautiful Soup: an HTML parser optimized for screen-scraping.">
+<meta name="generator" content="Markov Approximation 1.4 (module: leonardr)">
+<meta name="author" content="Leonard Richardson">
+</head>
+<body>
+<a href="foo">foo</a>
+<a href="foo"><b>bar</b></a>
+</body>
+</html>"""
+        self.tree = self.soup(self.page)
+
+    def test_pickle_and_unpickle_identity(self):
+        # Pickling a tree, then unpickling it, yields a tree identical
+        # to the original.
+        dumped = pickle.dumps(self.tree, 2)
+        loaded = pickle.loads(dumped)
+        assert loaded.__class__ == BeautifulSoup
+        assert loaded.decode() == self.tree.decode()
+
+    def test_deepcopy_identity(self):
+        # Making a deepcopy of a tree yields an identical tree.
+        copied = copy.deepcopy(self.tree)
+        assert copied.decode() == self.tree.decode()
+
+    def test_copy_preserves_encoding(self):
+        soup = BeautifulSoup(b'<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'html.parser')
+        encoding = soup.original_encoding
+        copy = soup.__copy__()
+        assert "<p> </p>" == str(copy)
+        assert encoding == copy.original_encoding
+
+    def test_copy_preserves_builder_information(self):
+
+        tag = self.soup('<p></p>').p
+
+        # Simulate a tag obtained from a source file.
+        tag.sourceline = 10
+        tag.sourcepos = 33
+        
+        copied = tag.__copy__()
+
+        # The TreeBuilder object is no longer availble, but information
+        # obtained from it gets copied over to the new Tag object.
+        assert tag.sourceline == copied.sourceline
+        assert tag.sourcepos == copied.sourcepos
+        assert tag.can_be_empty_element == copied.can_be_empty_element
+        assert tag.cdata_list_attributes == copied.cdata_list_attributes
+        assert tag.preserve_whitespace_tags == copied.preserve_whitespace_tags
+        
+    def test_unicode_pickle(self):
+        # A tree containing Unicode characters can be pickled.
+        html = "<b>\N{SNOWMAN}</b>"
+        soup = self.soup(html)
+        dumped = pickle.dumps(soup, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
+        loaded = pickle.loads(dumped)
+        assert loaded.decode() == soup.decode()
+
+    def test_copy_navigablestring_is_not_attached_to_tree(self):
+        html = "<b>Foo<a></a></b><b>Bar</b>"
+        soup = self.soup(html)
+        s1 = soup.find(string="Foo")
+        s2 = copy.copy(s1)
+        assert s1 == s2
+        assert None == s2.parent
+        assert None == s2.next_element
+        assert None != s1.next_sibling
+        assert None == s2.next_sibling
+        assert None == s2.previous_element
+
+    def test_copy_navigablestring_subclass_has_same_type(self):
+        html = "<b><!--Foo--></b>"
+        soup = self.soup(html)
+        s1 = soup.string
+        s2 = copy.copy(s1)
+        assert s1 == s2
+        assert isinstance(s2, Comment)
+
+    def test_copy_entire_soup(self):
+        html = "<div><b>Foo<a></a></b><b>Bar</b></div>end"
+        soup = self.soup(html)
+        soup_copy = copy.copy(soup)
+        assert soup == soup_copy
+
+    def test_copy_tag_copies_contents(self):
+        html = "<div><b>Foo<a></a></b><b>Bar</b></div>end"
+        soup = self.soup(html)
+        div = soup.div
+        div_copy = copy.copy(div)
+
+        # The two tags look the same, and evaluate to equal.
+        assert str(div) == str(div_copy)
+        assert div == div_copy
+
+        # But they're not the same object.
+        assert div is not div_copy
+
+        # And they don't have the same relation to the parse tree. The
+        # copy is not associated with a parse tree at all.
+        assert None == div_copy.parent
+        assert None == div_copy.previous_element
+        assert None == div_copy.find(string='Bar').next_element
+        assert None != div.find(string='Bar').next_element
+